Examining the Experienced Barriers to Seeking Mental Health Treatment Among Metropolitan Millennial Black Men
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/27329Keywords:
Black men, mental health, social justice, millennials, Black masculinityAbstract
The increase in the prevalence of mental illness among Black millennials has led to more awareness and advocacy within the generation. However, Black millennial men are still utilizing counseling services at significantly lower rates than millennial Black women and men of other races. Consequently, this can lead to the increase of suicide completions and undiagnosed mental health issues among Black men who experience more severe and disabling symptoms of mental illness. Negative stigma associated with counseling is prevalent in the Black community, especially among Black men, and little attention has been given to research the barriers to treatment they experience. Based on past reported themes, Black Masculinity and Critical Race Theory are utilized as a multi-dimensional framework for this phenomenological study to provide in-depth information on the barriers to counseling experienced by metropolitan millennial Black men. Using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis of the semi-structured interviews of this study, results indicated the following three themes as experienced barriers: Black Pride, Classical Masculinity, and Negative perceptions of mental health and counseling. Implications for improving advocacy efforts by mental health professional and advocates as well as future research are provided.
References
Alang, S., Hardeman, R., McAlpine, D., McCreedy, E., (2017). Police brutality and black health: Setting the agenda for public health scholars. American Journal of Public Health 107, 662-665, https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303691
American Counseling Association (2021). Our responsibility as counselors to address trauma and grief caused by systemic racism. https://www.counseling.org/news/updates/news-detail/2021/05/25/our-responsibility-as-counselors-to-address-trauma-and-grief-caused-by-systemic-racism
American Psychological Association. (2020). Demographics of U.S psychology workforce [interactive data tool]. https://www.apa.org/workforce/data-tools/demographics.
Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M. (2006). An examination of the Black experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Mental Health Journal, 42, 555–570.
Bell, D. (1995). Who’s afraid of critical race theory? University of Illinois Law Review, 4, 893–910.
Bell, D. (2008). Race, racism and American law (6th ed.). Aspen.
Belle, C. (2014). From Jay-Z to Dead Prez: Examining representations of Black masculinity in mainstream versus underground hip-hop music. Journal of Black Studies, 45(4), 287-300. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934714528953
Berger, J. L., Addis, M. E., Green, J. D., Mackowiak, C., & Goldberg, V. (2013). Men’s reactions to mental health labels, forms of help-seeking, and sources of help-seeking advice. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 14(4), 433–443. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030175
Brinkmann, S. & Kvale, S. & (2015). InterViews: Learning the craft of qualitative research interviewing (3rd Ed.). Sage.
Brown, T. (2003). Critical Race Theory speaks to the sociology of mental health: Mental health problems produced by racial stratification. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 44(3), 292-301. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1519780
Bryan, N. (2016). Toward a multidimensional framework: Exploring the constructed identities and pedagogical styles of black male kindergarten teachers in the south. [Doctoral dissertation, University of South Carolina]. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/3378
Cadaret, M. C., & Speight, S. L. (2018). An exploratory study of attitudes toward psychological help seeking among Black men. Journal of Black Psychology, 44(4), 347–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798418774655
Chan, C. D., & Farmer, L. B. (2017). Making the case for interpretative phenomenological analysis with LGBTGEQ+ persons and communities. Journal of LGBT Issues in Counseling,11(4), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538605.2017.1380558
Cofield, D. (2022). “You good, Bruh?” An exploration of the influence of race and masculinity on millennial Black men’s decisions to seek mental health treatment. (Publication No. 29256850) [Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Charlotte]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage Publication
Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2001). Critical race theory: An introduction. University Press.
Dimock, M. (2019, January 17). Defining generations: Where Millennials end and Generation Z begins. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/01/17/where-millennials-end-and-generation-z-begins/.
Doyle, O. O., Joe, S. S., & Caldwell, C. H. (2012). Ethnic differences in mental illness and
mental health service use among Black fathers. American Journal of Public
Health, 102(S2), S222-S231. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2011.300446
Ferber, A. L. (2007). The construction of Black masculinity: White supremacy now and then. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 31(1), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723506296829
Goodwill, J. R., Anyiwo, N., Williams, E. D. G., Johnson, N. C., Mattis, J. S., & Watkins, D. C. (2019). Media representations of popular culture figures and the construction of Black masculinities. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 20(3), 288. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000164
Hays, K., & Aranda, M. P. (2016). Faith-based mental health interventions with Blacks: A review. Research on Social Work Practice, 26(7), 777–789. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731515569356
Hoggard, L. S., Powell, W., Upton, R., Seaton, E., & Neblett, E. W., Jr. (2019). Racial discrimination, personal growth initiative, and Black men’s depressive symptomatology: A moderated mediation model. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(4), 472–482. https://doi.org/10.1037/cdp0000264
Holden, K. B., McGregor, B. S., Blanks, S. H., & Mahaffey, C. (2012). Psychosocial, socio-cultural, and environmental influences on mental health help-seeking among African-American men. Journal of Men’s Health, 9(2), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jomh.2012.03.002
hooks, b. (2003). We real cool : Black men and masculinity. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com
Jackson, V. (2003). In our own voice: African-American stories of oppression, survival, and recovery. Off Our Backs, 33(7/8), 19-21.
Johnson, L.L (2018) Where do we go from here? Toward a critical race English Education. Research in the Teaching of English, 53(2), 102-124.
Kim, E. (2018, October 4). Why millennial men don't go to therapy. MEL Magazine. https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/why-millennial-men-dont-go-to-therapy.
Kolivoski, K. M., Weaver, A., & Constance-Huggins, M. (2014). Critical Race Theory: opportunities for application in social work practice and policy. Families in Society, 95(4), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2014.95.36
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
Ladson-Billings, G., & Tate, W.F. (1995). Toward a critical race theory of education.
Teachers College Record, 97(1), 47–68.
Leonardo, Z. (2013). Race frameworks: A multidimensional theory of racism and education. Teacher College Press.
Mangan, D. (2021, August 30). Hate crimes against Asian and Black people rise sharply in the U.S., FBI says. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/08/30/fbi-says-hate-crimes-against-asian-and-black-people-rise-in-the-us.html.
McGee, E. O. & Stovall, D. (2015), Reimagining Critical Race Theory in education: Mental health, healing, and the pathway to liberatory praxis. Educ Theory, 65: 491-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/edth.12129
Mertens, D. M. (2005). Research and evaluation in education and psychology: integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Neighbors, H. W., Caldwell, C., Williams, D. R., Nesse, R., Taylor, R. J., Bullard, K. M., & Jackson, J. S. (2007). Race, ethnicity, and the use of services for mental disorders: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64(4), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.485
Ravitch, S. & Carl, N. (2019). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological (2nd ed). Sage.
Rostain, A. L., Ramsay, J. R., & Waite, R. (2015). Cultural background and barriers to mental health care for Black adults. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 76(3), 279-283. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13008co5c
Rudrow, K. J. (2019). “I see death around the corner”: Black manhood and vulnerability in Me Against the World. Journal of Black Studies, 50(7), 632-650. https://doi.org/10.1177/002193471987594 1
Saldaña, J. (2021). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (4th ed.). SAGE.
Sellers, S. L., Bonham, V., Neighbors, H. W., & Amell, J. W. (2009). Effects of racial discrimination and health behaviors on mental and physical health of middle-class Black men. Health Education & Behavior, 36(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198106293526
Smiley, C., & Fakunle, D. (2016). From “brute” to “thug:” The demonization and criminalization of unarmed Black male victims in America. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 26(3-4), 350-366. https://doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2015.1129256
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Stare, B.G. and Fernando, D.M. (2019), Black American men's treatment experiences in mental health court: A phenomenological analysis. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 40, 17-35. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaoc.12054
Tate, R. (2022, February 10). 'No way out?' Black male suicides rising faster than any other racial group. Defender Network https://defendernetwork.com/news/national/no-way-out-black-male-suicides-rising-faster-than-any-other-racial-group/
Thomas, J. C. (2016) Black men; Are you too “Masculine” for mental health treatment? [Thesis, Georgia State University]. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/aas_theses/32
Umeh, U. (2019, September 12). Mental Illness in Black Community, 1700-2019: A Short History. BlackPast. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/mental-illness-in-black-community-1700-2019-a-short-history/.
Vagle, M. V. (2018). Crafting phenomenological research (2nd ed,). Routledge.
Ward, E. C., & Besson, D. D. (2012). Black men’s beliefs about mental illness, perceptions of stigma, and help-seeking barriers. The Counseling Psychologist, 41(3), 359–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012447824 https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000012447824
Ward, E., & Mengesha, M. (2013). Depression in Black men: A review of what we know and where we need to go from here. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 83(2pt3), 386-397.
What is Critical Race Theory? (2009, November 4). https://spacrs.wordpress.com/what-is-critical-race-theory/.
White-Cummings, C. (2017, May 26). What black millennials need to know now about mental health. https://ourselvesblack.com/journal/2017/5/26/what-black-millenials-need-to-know-now-about-mental-health.
Woodward, A. T., Taylor, R. J., & Chatters, L. M. (2011). Use of professional and informal support by Black men with mental disorders. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(3), 328–336. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731510388668
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Demetrius Cofield
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.