Latina/o/x Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) in Social Work Praxis

A Tool to Dismantle Racism and Build Racial Equity

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18060/24996

Keywords:

Latina/o/x Critical Race Theory, Critical Race Theory, racism, social work education, anti-racist pedagogy, social work policy

Abstract

We propose that the profession is theoretically at a point of convergence between CRT and LatCrit. Both theories are united in the production of knowledge to dismantle oppression. This article provides a brief review of CRT and a comprehensive understanding of LatCrit as a starting point for critical social work education perspectives. We discuss implications for social work education by broadening the racial discourse to include Latinas/os/x and suggest critical solutions and adaptations to current social work pedagogy to better prepare students to enter the social work field and respond to this growing population. We provide recommendations for reevaluating social work and find an exit from the loop of “band-aid” interventions that lack a fundamental basis for addressing the underlying causes of trauma, stress, and racism. We provide concrete examples for incorporating LatCrit into social work education, practice. We close by calling on the professions leading organizations, NASW and CSWE, to release statements addressing the recent assault on CRT (and LatCrit by way of its extension of CRT) and join other social work organizations in condemning the unfair attacks on CRT if social work is committed to the Grand Challenge to Eliminate Racism.

Author Biographies

Mónica Gutiérrez, University of Denver

Mónica Gutiérrez, MSW, PhD
Assistant Professor
University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work
Denver, CO

 

Stephanie Lechuga-Peña, Arizona State University

Stephanie Lechuga Peña, MSW, PhD
Assistant Professor
School of Social Work
College of Public Service and Community Solutions

References

Acuña, R. F. (2007). Occupied America: A history of Chicanos (6th ed.). Pearson Longman.

Annamma, S. A., Connor, D., & Ferri, B. (2013). Dis/ability critical race studies (DisCrit): Theorizing at the intersections of race and dis/ability. Race Ethnicity and Education, 16(1), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2012.730511

Anzaldúa, G. (1987). Borderlands/La frontera: The new mestiza (1st ed.). Aunt Lute Books.

Arellano, G. (2021). Column: What will make people care about police shootings of Latinos? The Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-04-20/latinos-police-shootings

Barroso, A. (2019). A look at the changing profile of the U.S. military. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/10/the-changing-profile-of-the-u-s-military/

Becerra, D., Androff, D. K., Ayón, C., & Castillo, J. T. (2012). Fear vs. facts: Examining the economic impact of undocumented immigrants in the U.S. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 39(4), 111-135.

Becerra, D., Wagaman, M. A., Androff, D., Messing, J., & Castillo, J. (2017). Policing immigrants: Fear of deportations and perceptions of law enforcement and criminal justice. Journal of Social Work, 17(6), 715-731. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468017316651995

Beck, E. (2019). Naming White supremacy in the social work curriculum. Affilia - Journal of Women and Social Work, 34(3), 393-398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109919837918

Bell, D. A. (1980). Brown v. Board of Education and the interest-convergence dilemma. Harvard Law Review, 93(3), 518. https://doi.org/10.2307/1340546

Bell, D. A. (1995). Who’s afraid of critical race theory? University of Illinois Law Review, 1995(4), 893-910. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392109342205

Bonilla-Silva, E. (1997). Rethinking racism: Toward a structural interpretation. American Sociological Review, 62(3), 465-480. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657316

Bonilla-Silva, E. (2014). Racism without racists color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America. Rowman & Littlefield Pub.

Brayboy, B. M. K. J. (2005). Toward a tribal Critical Race Theory in education. Urban Review, 37(5), 425-446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-005-0018-y

Bussey, S. R. (2020). Imperialism through virtuous helping: Baldwin’s innocence and implications for clinical social work practice. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 31(3), 192-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2019.1617016

Carrigan, W. D., & Webb, C. (2003). The lynching of persons of Mexican origin or descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928. Journal of Social History, 37(2), 411–438. https://doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2003.0169

Chang, R. S. (1993). Toward an Asian American legal scholarship: Critical Race Theory, post-structuralism, and narrative space. California Law Review, 81(5), 1241. https://doi.org/10.2307/3480919

Chavez, L. (2020). The Latino threat: Constructing immigrants, citizens, and the nation (2nd ed.). Stanford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780804786188

Coates, J., & Gray, M. (2018). Domestication or transformation: Transitioning to the ecosocial. Canadian Social Work, 20(1), 50-71.

Constitutional Rights Foundation. (2007). BRIA 23 2 c Mendez v Westminster: Paving the way to school desegregation. Bill of Rights in Action, 23(2).

Council on Social Work Education [CSWE]. (2022). EPAS educational policy and accreditation standards for baccalaureate and master’s social work programs. https://www.cswe.org/getmedia/8d7dade5-2683-4940-9587-5675f6ef5426/2022-EPAS.pdf

Covarrubias, A., Nava, P. E., Lara, A., Burciaga, R., Vélez, V. N., & Solórzano, D. G. (2018). Critical race quantitative intersections: a testimonio analysis. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(2), 253-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1377412

Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. Feminist Legal Theory: Readings in Law and Gender, 1989(1), 57-80. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429500480

Crenshaw, K., Gotanda, N., Peller, G., & Thomas, K. (1995). Critical Race Theory: The key writings that formed the movement. The New Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780691186429-023

Crenshaw, K., Harris, L. C., HoSang, D., Lipsitz, G. (Eds.). (2019). Seeing race again: Countering colorblindness across the disciplines. University of California Press.

Critical Race Scholars in Social Work. (2020, September 11). Critical Race Scholars in Social Work (CRSSW) statement On Trump administration ban on diversity training, Critical Race Theory [Press release]. https://naswcanews.org/critical-race-scholars-in-social-work-crssw-statement-on-trump-administration-ban-on-diversity-training-critical-race-theory/

Daftary, A. (2020). Critical race theory: An effective framework for social work research. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 29(6), 439-454. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2018.1534223

DeLauretis, T. (1991). Guest editor’s introduction: Queer Theory. Lesbian and Gay sexualities. A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies, 3(2), iii-xviii.

De La Garza, A. T., & Ono, K. A. (2016). Critical Race Theory. In K. B. Jensen, E. W. Rothenbuhler, J. D. Pooley, & R. T. Craig (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of communication theory and philosophy (pp. 1-9). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118766804.wbiect260

Delgado Bernal, D. (2002). Critical Race Theory, Latino Critical Theory, and Critical Raced-Gendered epistemologies: Recognizing students of color as holders and creators of knowledge. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040200800107

Delgado, A. (2019). Segregation and the education of Mexican children, 1900-1940. In C. Lechuga, A. Nieto, & A. Wycoff (Eds.), Introduction to Chicana and Chicano studies (pp. 101-111). Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.

Delgado, R. (1989). Storytelling for oppositionists and others: A plea for narrative. Michigan Law Review, 87(8), 2411. https://doi.org/10.2307/1289308

Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2017). Critical race theory: An introduction (3rd ed.). New York University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1ggjjn3

Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (Eds.). (2018). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). SAGE Publications Inc.

Dreby, J. (2015). U.S. immigration policy and family separation: The consequences for children’s well-being. Social Science and Medicine, 132, 245-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.08.041

Dubal, S. (2018). Against humanity: Lessons from the Lord’s Resistance Army. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520296091.001.0001

Espinoza, L., & Harris, A. P. (1997). Afterword: Embracing the tar-baby. LatCrit Theory and the sticky mess of race. California Law Review, 85(5), 1585. https://doi.org/10.2307/3481066

Farber, D. A., & Sherry, S. (1997). Beyond all reason the radical assault on truth in American law. Oxford University Press.

Fernández, L. (2002). Telling stories about school: Using Critical Race and Latino Critical theories to document Latina/Latino education and resistance. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 45-65. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040200800104

Ford, C. L., & Airhihenbuwa, C. O. (2010). Critical race theory, race equity, and public health: Toward antiracism praxis. American Journal of Public Health, 100(SUPPL. 1), S30. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.171058

Franco, D. (2020). This land is our land: Exploring the impact of U.S. immigration policies on social work practice. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 31(1), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2019.1583956

Freire, P. (1985). The politics of education: Culture, power, and liberation. Bergin & Garvey. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17771-4

Freire, P. (2000). Pedagogy of the oppressed (30th anniv.). Continuum. (Original work published 1968)

Gabriel, T., & Goldstein, D. (2021, June 1). Targeting “Critical Race Theory,” Republicans rattle american schools. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/01/us/politics/critical-race-theory.html

García, I. (2020). Cultural insights for planners: Understanding the terms Hispanic, Latino, and Latinx. Journal of the American Planning Association, 86(4), 393-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2020.1758191

Gilmore, R. W. (2006). Golden gulag: prisons, surplus, crisis, and opposition in globalizing California (1st ed.). University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/j.ctt5hjht8

Gillula, J. (2015). Hispanic immigration and US economic growth. Information Handling Services (IHS). https://www.immigrationresearch.org/system/files/Hispanic-Immigration-and-Economic-Growth.pdf

Goessling, K. P. (2018). Increasing the depth of field: Critical Race Theory and photovoice as counter storytelling praxis. Urban Review, 50(4), 648-674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11256-018-0460-2

Gomez, L. (2020). Inventing Latinos; A new story of American racism. La Vergne: The New Press.

Gómez, L. E. (2019). Manifest destinies: The making of the Mexican American Race (2nd ed.). NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1pwt9vn

González, J. C., & Portillos, E. L. (2007). The undereducation and overcriminalization of U.S. Latinas/os: A post-Los Angeles riots LatCrit analysis. Educational Studies, 42(3), 247-266. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131940701634643

Green, D. (2016). The Trump hypothesis: Testing immigrant populations as a determinant of violent and drug-related crime in the United States. Social Science Quarterly, 97(3), 506-524. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12300

Gutierrez, E. R., & Fuentes, L. (2010). Population control by sterilization: The cases of Puerto Rican and Mexican-origin women in the United States. Latino (a) Research Review) Research Review, 7(3), 85-100.

Haney López, I. F. (1997). Race, ethnicity, erasure: The salience of race to LatCrit Theory. California Law Review, 85(5), 1143. https://doi.org/10.2307/3481058

Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Prins, S. J., Flake, M., Philbin, M., Frazer, M. S., Hagen, D., & Hirsch, J. (2017). Immigration policies and mental health morbidity among Latinos: A state-level analysis. Social Science and Medicine, 174, 169-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.040

Hodge, F. S., Pasqua, A., Marquez, C. A., & Geishirt-Cantrell, B. (2002). Utilizing traditional storytelling to promote wellness in American Indian communities. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 13(1), 6-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/104365960201300102

Huber Pérez, L. (2010). Using Latina/o Critical Race Theory (LatCrit) and racist nativism to explore intersectionality in the educational experiences of undocumented Chicana college students. Educational Foundations, 24, 77-96.

Iglesias, E. M. (1996). International law, human rights, and LatCrit Theory. The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 28(2), 223-243.

In re Rodriguez, 81 F. 337 (1897). https://cite.case.law/f/81/337/

Kivunja, C. (2018). Distinguishing between theory, theoretical framework, and conceptual framework: A systematic review of lessons from the field. International Journal of Higher Education, 7(6), 44-53. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v7n6p44

Kulis, S. S., Marsiglia, F. F., & Lechuga-Peña, S. (2021). Diversity, oppression, and change: Culturally grounded social work (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.

Ladson-Billings, G., & Donnor, J. K. (2018). Critical Race Theory and the postracial imaginary. In N. K. Denzin & Y. S. Lincoln (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of qualitative research (5th ed., pp. 350-382). SAGE Publications Inc.

LeBrón, A. M. W., & Viruell-Fuentes, E. A. (2019). Racism and the health of Latina/o cCommunities. In Racism: Science & tools for the public health professional (pp. 413-428). American Public Health Association. https://doi.org/10.2105/9780875533049ch21

Lechuga-Peña, S., & Lechuga, C. (2018). Xicanisma/o and education: Counter storytelling and narratives to inform Latina/o student success. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 33(3), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109917747633

Light, M. T., & Miller, T. (2018). Does undocumented immigration increase violent crime? Criminology, 56(2), 370-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12175

Madrigal v. Quilligan, CV 75-2057 EAC (1975). http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c86h4mt8/entire_text/

Manian, M. (2020). Immigration detention and coerced sterilization: History tragically repeats itself. American Civil Liberties Union. https://www.aclu.org/news/immigrants-rights/immigration-detention-and-coerced-sterilization-history-tragically-repeats-itself/

Martinez, M. M. (2018). The injustice never leaves you: anti-Mexican violence in Texas. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674989405

Mbembe, A. (2019). Necropolitics. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/08992363-15-1-11

Menjívar, C., & Abrego, L. J. (2012). Legal violence: Immigration law and the lives of Central American immigrants. American Journal of Sociology, 117(5), 1380-1421. https://doi.org/10.1086/663575

Messing, J. T., Becerra, D., Ward-Lasher, A., & Androff, D. K. (2015). Latinas’ perceptions of law enforcement: fear of deportation, crime reporting, and trust in the system. Affilia - Journal of Women and Social Work, 30(3), 328-340. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915576520

Molina, N. (2014). The long ARC of dispossession: Racial capitalism and contested notions of citizenship in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands in the early twentieth century. Western Historical Quarterly, 45(4), 431-447. https://doi.org/10.2307/westhistquar.45.4.0431

National Center for Farmworker Health. (2020). Facts about agricultural workers. http://www.ncfh.org/uploads/3/8/6/8/38685499/facts_about_farmworkers__12.17.20.pdf

Noe-Bustamante, L. (2019). Key facts about U.S. Hispanics and their diverse heritage. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/09/16/key-facts-about-u-s-hispanics/

Noe-Bustamante, L., & Flores, A. (2019). Facts on Latinos in America. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/fact-sheet/latinos-in-the-u-s-fact-sheet/#economic-characteristics-of-us-hispanic-population-2017

Novak, N. L., Lira, N., O’Connor, K. E., Harlow, S. D., Kardia, S. L. R., & Minna Stern, A. (2018). Disproportionate sterilization of Latinos under California’s eugenic sterilization program, 1920-1945. American Journal of Public Health, 108(5), 611-613. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304369

Omi, M., & Winant, H. (2014). Racial formation in the United States. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203076804

Ortega, D., & Busch-Armendariz, N. (2013). Benevolent hegemony. Affilia - Journal of Women and Social Work, 28(2), 113-115. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109913485710

Ortiz, L., & Nakaoka, S. (2018). Examining racial microaggressions as a tool for transforming social work education: the case for critical race pedagogy. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(1), 72-85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2017.1417947

Perea, J. F. (1995). Ethnicity and the Constitution: Beyond the Black and White binary Constitution. William & Mary Law Review, 36(2), 571-611. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1751&context=wmlr

Perea, J. F. (1997). The Black/White binary paradigm of race: the “normal science” of American racial thought. California Law Review, 85(5), 1213-1258. https://doi.org/10.2307/3481059

Posner, R. A. (1997). The skin trade. The New Republic, 217(15), 40-43.

Pyle, J. J. (1999). Race, equality and the rule of law: Critical Race Theory’s attack on the promises of liberalism. Boston College Law Review, 40(3), 787-827.

Rangel, M. (2021). Is there a place for us? Social workers of color as outside agitators within the profession. Advances in Social Work, 21(2), 978-988. https://doi.org/10.18060/24173

Ray, R., & Gibbons, A. (2021, July 2). Why are states banning critical race theory? https://www.brookings.edu/blog/fixgov/2021/07/02/why-are-states-banning-critical-race-theory/

Reyes, N. A. S. (2017). A space for survivance: Locating Kānaka Maoli through the resonance and dissonance of critical race theory. Race Ethnicity and Education, 21(6), 739-756. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2017.1376632

Roberts, M. (2020, August 18). Police killings of Latinos lack attention, say activists. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/police-killings-latinos-lack-attention-say-activists-n1237172

Romero, M. (2001). State violence, and the social and legal construction of Latino criminality: From el bandido to gang member. Denver University Law Review, 78(4), 1081-1118.

Rubio-Hernandez, S. P., & Ayón, C. (2016). Pobrecitos los niños: The emotional impact of anti-immigration policies on Latino children. Children and Youth Services Review, 60, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.11.013

Solórzano, D. G., & Yosso, T. J. (2002). Critical race methodology: Counter-storytelling as an analytical framework for education research. Qualitative Inquiry, 8(1), 23-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/107780040200800103

Stefancic, J. (1997). Latino and Latina Critical Theory: An annotated bibliography. La Raza Law Journal, 10(1), 423. https://doi.org/10.2307/3481065

Stern, A. M. (2005). Sterilized in the name of public health: Race, immigration, and reproductive control in modern California. American Journal of Public Health, 95(7), 1128-1138. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.041608

Teasley, M. L., Mccarter, S., Woo, B., Conner, L. R., Spencer, M. S., & Green, T. (2021). Eliminate racism (Grand Challenges for Social Work initiative No. 26). Cleveland, OH. https://grandchallengesforsocialwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Eliminate-Racism-Concept-Paper.pdf

United Nations. (2020, June 05). UN experts condemn modern-day racial terror lynchings in US and call for systemic reform and justice. [Press release]. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2020/06/un-experts-condemn-modern-day-racial-terror-lynchings-us-and-call-systemic

US Census Bureau. (2021, October 8). About the topic of race. . https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html

Valdés, F. (1997). LatCrit consciousness, community, and theory. California Law Review, 85(5), 1087-1142.

Vought, R. (2020, September 4). Training in the federal government [Memorandum]. Office of Management and Budget. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/M-20-34.pdf

Wilson, T. E. (2020). An invitation into the trouble with humanism for social work. In V. Bozalek & B. Pease (Eds.), Post-anthropocentric social work: Critical posthuman and new materialist perspectives (pp. 32-45). Taylor & Francis Group. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429329982-4

Downloads

Published

2022-11-08