Best Practices for Antiracist Education in Virtual Settings
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/24962Keywords:
virtual education, best practices, antiracist, white supremacyAbstract
In 2020, resources proliferated for 1) teaching in virtual settings in response to educational disruptions; and 2) antiracist education practices. Resources that combined these subjects to suggest antiracist education practices for the virtual setting were comparatively few. In this article, the authors propose ways to connect antiracist practices to virtual education. We begin with an exploration of racism and antiracism. Next, we explore existing literature for how racism shows up in the virtual classroom. Literature suggests instructor bias, course planning, and course delivery practices can work to uphold racism and manifestations of white supremacy in these virtual settings. Drawing from the work of scholars in the area of antiracist pedagogy, we suggest processes educators can engage in for increasing awareness of instructor bias, and for increasing the use of antiracist practices in course planning and delivery to help begin (or continue) the process of implementing antiracist practices in the virtual classroom.
References
Abdi, N. M., Gil, E., Marshall, S. L., & Khalifa, M. (2020). Humanizing practices in online learning communities during pandemics in the USA. Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(3/4), 205 -212. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-07-2020-0066
Abrams, L. S., & Gibson, P. (2007). Teaching note. Reframing multicultural education: Teaching white privilege in the social work curriculum. Journal of Social Work Education, 43(1), 147–160. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2007.200500529
Ahmed, S. (2012). On being included: Racism and diversity in institutional life. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822395324
Almeida, R. V., Werkmeister Rozas, L. M., Cross-Denny, B., & Lee, K. K. (2019). Coloniality and intersectionality in social work education and practice. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 30(2), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2019.1574195
Andone, D. (2021, November 12). A timeline in the killing of Ahmaud Arbery and the case against 3 men accused of his murder. https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/18/us/ahmaud-arbery-case-timeline/index.html
Ansari, T. (2020, July 25). Seattle protesters, police clash in violent confrontations—WSJ. https://www.wsj.com/articles/judge-blocks-seattles-ban-on-police-use-of-tear-gas-during-protests-11595712393
Beck, E. (2019). Naming White supremacy in the social work curriculum. Affilia, 34(3), 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109919837918
Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the New Jim Code. Polity Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz162
Bernard, C., Fairtlough, A., Fletcher, J., & Ahmet, A. (2014). A qualitative study of marginalised social work students’ views of social work education and learning. British Journal of Social Work, 44(7), 1934–1949. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bct055
Black Lives Matter. (n.d.). Black Lives Matter: 2020 impact report. https://blacklivesmatter.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/blm-2020-impact-report.pdf
Blackwell, D. M. (2010). Sidelines and separate spaces: Making education anti-racist for students of color. Race, Ethnicity and Education, 13(4), 473–494. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2010.492135
Brookfield, S. D. (2018). Teaching race. John Wiley & Sons.
Chavez, F. R. (2020). The anti-racist writing workshop: How to decolonize the creative classroom. Haymarket Books.
Clark, S. H. (2020, May 6). Transcript of & reflecting on leading the #SWCAREsChat
[Blog Post]. Becoming Dr. Clark.https://becomingdrclark.com/transcript-of-&-reflecting-on-leading-the-swcareschat
Conaway, W., & Bethune, S. (2015). Implicit bias and first name stereotypes: What are the implications for online instruction? Online Learning, 19(3), 162–178. https://doi.org/10.24059/olj.v19i3.452
Council on Social Work Education [CSWE]. (2015). Educational policy and accreditation standards (EPAS). https://cswe.org/Accreditation/Standards-and-Policies/2015-EPAS
Cross, K. (2020). Racism is the manifestation of White supremacy and antiracism is the answer. Journal of Engineering Education, 109(4), 625-628. https://doi.org/10.1002/jee.20362
Davis, A. (2019). Historical knowledge of oppression and racial attitudes of social work students. Journal of Social Work Education, 55(1), 160–175. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2018.1498419
Deepak, A. C., & Biggs, M. J. G. (2011). Intimate technology: A tool for teaching anti-racism in social work education. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 20(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2011.545944
Dominelli, L. (2018). Anti-racist social work (4th ed.). British Association of Social Workers. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53420-0
Eduarda Gil Vicente, M. (2021). Black dissent in America: Exploring Ava. Duvernay’s Selma and 13th against the background of the 2020 anti-racial discrimination protests. Biblos:Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra, 7, 95-115. https://doi.org/10.14195/0870-4112_3-7_5
Fellmayer, J. (2020). Disruptive pedagogy and the practice of freedom. In J. Stommel, C. Friend, & S. M. Morris (Eds.). Critical Pedagogy (pp. 43-50). Hybrid Pedagogy Inc.
Finders, M., & Muñoz, J. (2021, March 3). Cameras on: Surveillance in the time of COVID-19. Inside Higher Ed. https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2021/03/03/why-its-wrong-require-students-keep-their-cameras-online-classes-opinion
Friere, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum.
Harper, S. R., & Davis, C. H. F. (2016). Eight actions to reduce racism in college classrooms. Academe, 102(6), 1-7. https://www.aaup.org/article/eight-actions-reduce-racism-college-classrooms
Hopson, A. C. (2014). Does racism exist in the online classroom learning environment? Perceptions of online undergraduate students (Dissertation). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED568297#:~:text=The%20finding%20of%20this%20research,of%20motivation%20for%20the%20learner
Hudson, K. D., & Mehrotra, G. R. (2021). Pandemic and protest in 2020: Questions and considerations for social work research. Qualitative Social Work 20(1-2), 264-270. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325020973315
Humphrey, D., & Davis, C. (2021). The future started yesterday and we’re already late”: The case for antiracist online teaching. The Journal of Interactive Technology and Pedagogy, 19, 1-13. https://jitp.commons.gc.cuny.edu/the-future-started-yesterday-and-were-already-late-the-case-for-antiracist-online-teaching/
Iglehart, A. P., & Becerra, R. M. (1995). Social services and the ethnic community. Waveland Press.
Inside Higher Ed. (2020, July 7). Coronavirus roundup: More universities announce plans for largely online fall terms. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/07/07/coronavirus-roundup-more-universities-announce-plans-largely-online-fall-terms
Jones, H. A., Perrin, P. B., Heller, M. B., & Hailu, S. (2018). Black psychology graduate students’ lives matter: Using informal mentoring to create an inclusive climate amidst national race-related events. Professional Psychology, Research and Practice, 49(1), 75–82. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000169
Katz, J. H. (2003). White awareness. University of Oklahoma Press.
Kendi, I. X. (2019). How to be an antiracist. Random House Publishing Group.
Kuilema, J., Schwander, L., Alford, K., Venema, R., & Hoeksema, S. (2019). Teaching Note—Time for a teach-in? Addressing racist incidents on college campuses. Journal of Social Work Education, 55(4), 818–824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2019.1627258
Leonardo, Z. (2004). The color of supremacy: Beyond the discourse of ‘white privilege.’ Educational Philosophy and Theory, 36(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2004.00057.x
Levin, S., Fulginiti, A., & Moore, B. (2018). The perceived effectiveness of online social work education: Insights from a national survey of social work educators. Social Work Education, 37(6), 775–789. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2018.1482864
Longres, J. (1972). The impact of racism on social work education. Journal of Education for Social Work, 8(1), 31–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220612.1972.10671900
Loya, M. A., & Cuevas, M. (2010). Teaching racism: Using experiential learning to challenge the status quo. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 30(3), 288–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2010.497130
Maragakis, B., Lisa. (2020, May 29). The new normal and coronavirus. https://www.johnshopkinssolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Johns-Hopkins_COVID_NewNormal_V061620.pdf
Martin, E. P., & Martin, J. M. (1995). Social work and the Black experience. NASW Press.
Mehta, R., & Aguilera, E. (2020). A critical approach to humanizing pedagogies in online teaching and learning. International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 37(3), 109-120. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-10-2019-0099
Migueliz Valcarlos, M., Wolgemuth, J. R., Haraf, S., & Fisk, N. (2020). Anti-oppressive pedagogies in online learning: A critical review. Distance Education, 41(3), 345. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2020.1763783
Milner, H. R. (2007). Race, culture, and researcher positionality: Working through dangers seen, unseen, and unforeseen. Educational Researcher, 36(7), 388–400. DOI: 10.3102/0013189X07309471
Minarik, J. D. (2017). Privilege as privileging: Making the dynamic and complex nature of privilege and marginalization accessible. Journal of Social Work Education, 53(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/10437797.2016.1237913
NAACP Justice in Public Safety Project. (n.d.). Justice denied: An overview of the grand jury proceedings in the Breonna Taylor case. https://www.naacpldf.org/justice-denied-a-call-for-a-new-grand-jury-investigation-into-the-police-shooting-of-breonna-taylor/
National Museum of African American History and Culture. (n.d.). Being antiracist. https://nmaahc.si.edu/learn/talking-about-race/topics/being-antiracist
Nakaoka, S., & Ortiz, L. (2018). Examining racial microaggressions as a tool for transforming social work education: The case for critical race pedagogy. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(1), 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2017.1417947
Nichols, H. (2020). A guide to equity and antiracism for educators. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/guide-equity-and-antiracism-educators
Ortega, A., Andruczyk, M., & Marquart, M. (2018). Addressing microaggressions and acts of oppression within online classrooms by utilizing principles of transformative learning and liberatory education. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(1), 28–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2017.1417945
Ortega, A., & Marquart, M. S. (2016). Anti-oppression strategies for online educational environments. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8gt60qb
Ortega-Williams, A., & McLane-Davison, D. (2021). Wringing out the “whitewash:” Confronting the hegemonic epistemologies of social work canons (disrupting the reproduction of white normative). Advances in Social Work, 21(2/3), 566-587. https://doi.org/10.18060/24475
Ortiz, L., & Jani, J. (2010). Critical Race Theory: A transformational model for teaching diversity. Journal of Social Work Education, 46(2), 175–193. https://doi.org/10.5175/JSWE.2010.200900070
Pewewardy, N., & Almeida, R. V. (2014). Articulating the scaffolding of white supremacy: The act of naming in liberation. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 25(3), 230–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10428232.2014.940485
Project Implicit. (n.d.). Home. https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/
Rodgers, K. A., & Summers, J. J. (2008). African American students at predominantly white institutions: A motivational and self-systems approach to understanding retention. Educational Psychology Review, 20(2), 171. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-008-9072-9
Rorabaugh, P. (2020). Occupy the digital: Critical pedagogy and new media. In J. Stommel, C. Friend, & S. M. Morris (Eds.). Critical Pedagogy (pp. 11-15). Hybrid Pedagogy Inc.
Snowden, F., Tolliver, W., & McPherson, A. (2021). Kneading, needing, and eating black bodies: The history of social work and its concern for Black citizenship in the United States. Advances in Social Work, 21(2/3), 217-240. https://doi.org/10.18060/24469
Stevara [Clark, S.]. (2020, May 6). Becoming Dr. Clark: Transcript of & reflecting on leading the #SWCAREs chat. https://becomingdrclark.com/transcript-of-reflecting-on-leading-the-swcareschat/
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271–286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
Sue, D. W., Rasheed, M. N., & Rasheed, J. M. (2016). Multicultural social work practice: A competency-based approach to diversity and social justice (2nd ed.). Wiley.
Sulecio de Alvarez, M., & Dickson-Deane, C. (2018). Avoiding educational technology pitfalls for inclusion and equity. TechTrends, 62(4), 345–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-018-0270-0
SWCAREs. (2020, June 30). Social work so White with Rachel Cargle. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WA5ZwkfHLCA
Tascón, S. M., & Ife, J. (2020). Disrupting Whiteness in social work. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429284182
Taylor, D. B. (2020, July 10). A timeline of the George Floyd protests—The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/article/george-floyd-protests-timeline.html
Teasley, M. L., McCarter, S., Woo, B. Connor, L. R., Spencer, M. S., & Green, T. (2021). Eliminate racism. Grand challenges for social work. https://grandchallengesforsocialwork.org/eliminate-racism/
Toprak, E., Ozkanal, B., Aydin, S., & Kaya, S. (2010). Ethics in E-learning. TOJET the Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 9(2), 78-86. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ898005.pdf
University of Mississippi. (2022). Keep teaching. https://coronavirus.olemiss.edu/keep-teaching/
Yearwood, C., Barbera, R., Fisher, A., & Hostetter, C. (2021). We build the road by walking [Editorial]. Advances in Social Work, 21(2/3), i-vii. https://doi.org/10.18060/25652
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Jandel Crutchfield, Amy Killen Fisher, Sara Plummer
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
