Beyond Gates and Metal Detectors
Understanding Security for Professional Sports Facilities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/26908Keywords:
personnel security, cybersecurity, physical security, professional sportAbstract
Innovation is of vital importance in professional sport organizations, with various segments and departments catering to diverse managerial functions. While previous research has focused on ticketing, marketing, and event management, the critical aspect of security and intelligence in sports requires further exploration. With the safety of fans, players, coaches, staff, and the local community at stake, security and intelligence play a paramount role. The current research addresses the literature gap pertaining to cybersecurity through in-depth interviews involving 12 participants from major U.S. professional sports leagues and the cybersecurity industry, delving into physical security, personnel security, and cybersecurity domains.
The results of the study highlighted an overall awareness and success in physical and personnel security, but also revealed a concerning deficiency in the understanding of cybersecurity threats. This shortfall emphasizes the pressing need for innovative cybersecurity solutions in the sport industry to ensure the integrity and safety of professional sport organizations in a complex environment. Through such innovative approaches, professional sport organizations can enhance their ability to effectively combat cybersecurity challenges, safeguarding their operations and protecting all stakeholders involved.
References
References
Birns, R., Southwell, A., & Arad, B. (2016). How a new defensive line can protect sports properties. Street & Smith's Sports Business Journal, 19(20), 14.
Bolstad, J. S. (2016, September 1). Enhancing the NFL's counter-terrorism efforts: Is the leagues security scheme able to effectively thwart terrorist attacks? Master's Thesis. Monterey, CA, USA: Naval Postgraduate School.
Castello, O. G. (2021, January 22). Qualitative Research: Grounded Theory. Retrieved from Temple University Libraries: https://guides.temple.edu/groundedtheory
Cleland, J. (2019). Sports Fandom in the Risk Society: Analyzing Perceptions and Experiences of Risk, Security and Terrorism at Elite Sports Events. Sociology of Sport Journal, 36(2), 144-151.
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative Inquiry & Research Design (Fourth Edition ed.). Canada: Sage.
Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency. (2022, June 24). Stadium Spotlight: Connected Devices and Integrated Security Considerations. Retrieved from Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency: https://www.cisa.gov/stadium-spotlight-connected-devices-and-integrated-security-considerations
DarkTrace. (2021). 2021 Threat Report: Four Key Trends in the Cyber-Threat Landscape. Cambridge, UK: DarkTrace.
Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence. (2013, July 1). Best Practices in Anti-Terrorism Security for Sporting and Entertainment Venues Resource Guide. Retrieved from Safety Act : https://www.safetyact.gov/externalRes/refdoc/CCICADA%20BPATS.pdf
Department of National Intelligence. (2016, January 1). Year 2015. Retrieved from Counter Terrorism Guide Historic Timeline: https://www.dni.gov/nctc/timeline.html
Duckworth, A., & Krieger, J. (2021). The world will be watching and so will NSA!': A History of Technology and Security at the Olympic Games. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 38, 264-281.
Dyer, J. T., & Cussen, R. B. (2019). How to strenghten your facility's perimeter security. Athletic Business, 36-40.
ESPN Associated Press. (2022, February 13). San Francisco 49ers' network hit by gang's ransomware attack; team notifies law enforcement. Retrieved from ESPN: https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/33283115/san-francisco-49ers-network-hit-gang-ransomware-attack-team-notifies-law-enforcement
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2018, November 1). InfraGard. Washington, DC, United States.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2022 , June 1). Active Shooter Incidents in the United States in 2021. Retrieved from FBI Documents: https://www.fbi.gov/file-repository/active-shooter-incidents-in-the-us-2021-052422.pdf/view
FOX KTVU News. (2022, September 7). San Francisco 49ers ransomware attack exposes thousands. Retrieved from FOX KTVU News: https://www.ktvu.com/news/san-francisco-49ers-ransomware-attack-exposes-thousands
Greenwald, M. (2017, December 1). Cybersecurity in Sports: Questions of Privacy and Ethics. Retrieved from cs.tufts.edu: https://www.cs.tufts.edu/comp/116/archive/fall2017/mgreenwald.pdf
Grow, N., & Shackelford, S. J. (2020, January 1). The Sport of Cybersecurity: How Professional Sports Leagues Can Better Protect the Competitive Integrity of Their Games. Retrieved September 20, 2022, from Hein Online: https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bclr61&div=15&id=&page=
Hall, S. (2010, June 1). Sport Event Safety and Security: The Importance of Training Your People. Retrieved from Security Magazine: https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/80915-sport-event-safety-and-security-the-importance-of-training-your-people-1
Hall, S. A., Fos, P. J., Marciani, L., & Zhang, L. (2011). Value Modeling in Sport Security Planning: Setting Priorities in Security Efforts at Large Spectator Sports. International Journal of Sport Management, 12, 191-207.
Hassan, D. (2016). Surveillance by Proxy: Sport and Security in a Modern Age. American Behavioral Scientist, 60(9), 1043-1056. Retrieved May 23, 2022
Jayawardhana, A. (2016). Ensuring Security Against the Threats of Terrorist Acts in Mega Sport Events. International Journal of Sport Management, Recreation & Tourism, 1-8.
Jones, I. (2015). Research Methods for Sports Studies (Third ed.). New York: Routledge.
Kvale, S. (1996). Interviews: An Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.
Martin, C., & Robertson, R. (2020). The Cyber Threat to Sports Organisations. United Kingdom: National Cyber Security Centre.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative Research: A Guide to Design and Implementation (Fourth Edition ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Brand.
National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security (NCS4). (2022, August 1). Venue Security Director Survey. Industry Report. Hattiesburg, Mississippi, United States of America: National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security (NCS4).
The National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security. (2021). 2021 Spectator Sports Safety & Security Survey. Hattiesburg: The National Center for Spectator Sports Safety and Security.
Pitts, B. G., & Stotlar, D. K. (2013). Fundamentals of Sport Marketing (Fourth ed.). Morgantown: Fit Publishing.
Popper, D. (2015, November 15). NFL says ‘no known threats against NFL stadiums’ in wake of Paris terrorist attacks. Retrieved from Daily News: https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/football/nfl-no-threats-nfl-stadiums-article-1.2435101
Proof Point. (2022, January 1). Insider Threat. Retrieved from Proof Point: https://www.proofpoint.com/us/threat-reference/insider-threat
Shein, M. (2021, June 4). The NFL’s GSOC takes center stage in getting players back on the field. Retrieved from Security Magazine: https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/95338-the-nfls-gsoc-takes-center-stage-in-getting-players-back-on-the-field
Smith, N. P., Bowers, A., Naquin, M., & Gillan, W. (2017). An Analysis of the Influence of the Boston Marathon Bombing on Sports Venue Management in the Gulf Coast States. Sport Safety and Security, 2(1), 1-14.
Tavella, D. F. (2010, Spring 1). Duty of Care to Spectators at Sporting Events: A Unified Theory. Florida A&M University Law Review, pp. 181-196. Retrieved from Florida A & M University Law Review: https://commons.law.famu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1031&context=famulawreview
Tie, Y. C., Birks, M., & Francis, K. (2019, January 2). Grounded theory research: A design framework for novice researchers. Retrieved from US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6318722/
Transportation Security Administration. (2019, October 1). Protecting Public Areas Best Practices and Recommendations. Springfield , Virginia, United States.
United States Secret Service. (2020, August 1). Mass Attacks in Public Spaces. Washington , District of Columbia, United States.
Urquhart, C. (2013). Grounded Theory for Qualitative Research: A Practical Guide. Los Angeles: Sage.
Veselinovic, J., Perovic, A., Dukic, S., Mrdak, G., & Nikolic, M. (2020). Security Management in Sport. Physical Education and Sport, 18(2), 457-464. Retrieved 2021, from https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES200630043V
Westervelt, E. (2021, June 24). Cops Say Low Morale And Department Scrutiny Are Driving Them Away From The Job. Retrieved from NPR: https://www.npr.org/2021/06/24/1009578809/cops-say-low-morale-and-department-scrutiny-are-driving-them-away-from-the-job
Whelan, C. (2013, December 1). Surveillance, Security and Sports Mega Events: Toward a Research Agenda on the Organisation of Security Networks. Surveillance & Society, 11(4), pp. 392-404.
Xu, X. (2018). Terrorism in Major Sports Events: Difficult in Maintaining Security and Countermeasures. International Sports Law Review, 363-376.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Steven Watchers
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright to articles published in Sport Innovation Journal is retained by the author(s).