Innovating Youth Tournament Schedules to Minimize School Absenteeism
An Exploratory Study
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/23385Keywords:
sport innovation, youth sport, Community Sport Organizations (CSO), school absenteeism, tournaments, hockeyAbstract
Participation in sport has been lauded for the myriad benefits provided to youth who engage. Similarly, attendance in school has been identified as a salient contributor to academic success. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to explore the extent to which participation in youth representative (“rep”) hockey in Ontario contributes to avoidable absences from traditional school contexts. Specifically, empirical data from 104 youth rep hockey tournaments, ranging from AE-AAA competitive levels, and the Tyke (7-year-olds) to Midget (17-year-olds) age ranks, were utilized to meet the study’s first purpose. The second purpose was to present an alternative and innovative way youth sport tournaments could be scheduled to minimize school absenteeism. The results of the current investigation show there is merit to the proposed shift in tournament scheduling. Specifically, more than 42,000 avoidable school absences, from the 104 tournaments sampled, could be mitigated with a simple adjustment to tournament schedules.
References
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Hoeber, L., Doherty, A., Hoeber, O., & Wolfe, R. (2015). The nature of innovation in community sport organizations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(5), 518-534.
Hoeber, L., & Hoeber, O. (2012). Determinants of an innovation process: A case study of technological innovation in a community sport organization. Journal of Sport Management, 26, 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1085070
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Hyman, M. (2009). Until it hurts: America's obsession with youth sports and how it harms our kids. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Janssen, M., van der Voort, H., & Wahyudi, A. (2017). Factors influencing big data decision-making quality. Journal of Business Research, 70, 338-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.007
Kaplanidou, K., & Gibson, H. (2012). Differences between first time and repeat spectator tourists of a youth soccer event: Intentions and image approaches. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(5), 477-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.607924
Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2007). The interrelationship between sport event and destination image and sport tourists' behaviours. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3-4), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736932
Kitsantas, A., Steen, S., & Huie, F. (2017). The role of self-regulated strategies and goal orientation in predicting achievement of elementary school children. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2(1), 65-81.
Lesyk, J. J., & Kornspan, A. S. (2000). Coaches' expectations and beliefs regarding benefits of youth sport participation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90(2), 399-402. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.399
Lipscomb, S. (2007). Secondary school extracurricular involvement and academic achievement: A fixed effects approach. Economics of Education Review, 26(4), 463-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2006.02.006
Marsh, H.W. & Kleitman, S. (2003). School athletic participation: Mostly gain with little pain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.2.205
Mason, D. S., & Duquette, G. H. (2008). Exploring the relationship between local hockey franchises and tourism development. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1157-1165. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.017
Mason, D. S., & Foster, W. M. (2007). Putting Moneyball on ice? International Journal of Sport Finance, 2(4), 206.
Minor Hockey Alliance of Ontario. (2017). Tournament listings. Retrieved from https://alliancehockey.com/Tournament-Listings
Newell, S., & Swan, J. (1995). The diffusion of innovations in sport organizations: An evaluative framework. Journal of Sport Management, 9(3), 317-337. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.9.3.317
Northern Ontario Hockey Association. (2017). Tournament search. Retrieved from https://c2j.agilex.ca/NOHA/NOHAPortal/page/tournamentsearch.aspx
Ontario Ministry of Education (2017). School year calendar. Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/list/calendar/holidaye.html
Ontario Minor Hockey Association. (2017). Tournament listings. Retrieved from https://www.omha.net/page/show/1509684-tournament-listings
Patrick, H., Ryan, A. M., & Kaplan, A. (2007). Early adolescents' perceptions of the classroom social environment, motivational beliefs, and engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 83. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.83
Pegoraro, A. (2014). Twitter as disruptive innovation in sport communication. Communication & Sport, 2(2), 132-137. doi: 10.1177/2167479514527432
Schultz, K. (2017). Do high school athletes get better grades during the off-season? Journal of Sports Economics, 18(2), 182-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002514566279
Stanca, L. (2006). The effects of attendance on academic performance: Panel data evidence for introductory microeconomics. The Journal of Economic Education, 37(3), 251-266. https://doi.org/10.3200/JECE.37.3.251-266
Taliaferro, L.A, Rienzo, B.A., & Donovan, K.A. (2010). Relationships between youth sport participation and selected health risk behaviors from 1999 to 2007. Journal of School Health, 80, 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00520.x
Taylor, P. (2004). Driving up sport participation: Sport and volunteering. In Sport England (Ed.), Driving up participation: The challenge for sport (pp. 103-110). London: Sport England.
Thiel, A., & Mayer, J. (2009). Characteristics of voluntary sports clubs management: A sociological perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802461744
Torres, C.R., & Hager, P.F. (2007). De-emphasizing competition in organized youth sport: Misdirected reforms and misled children. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 34, 194– 210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2007.9714721
Troutman, K. P., & Dufur, M. J. (2007). From high school jocks to college grads: Assessing the long-term effects of high school sport participation on females' educational attainment. Youth & Society, 38(4), 443-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X06290651
True Sport. (2016). What sport can do: The true sport report. Retrieved from https://truesportpur.ca/sites/default/files/content/docs/pdf/tsreportenwebdownload1.pdf
Trussell, D. E., & Shaw, S. M. (2012). Organized youth sport and parenting in public and private spaces. Leisure Sciences, 34(5), 377-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.714699
van den Broek, T. A., & van Veenstra, A. F. (2015, May). Modes of Governance in Inter-Organizational Data Collaborations. In ECIS 2015. Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2015_cr/188/?utm_source=aisel.aisnet.org%2Fecis2015_cr%2F188&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Vanreusel, B., Renson, R., Beunen, G., Claessens, A. L., Lefevre, J., Lysens, R., & Eynde, B. V. (1997). A longitudinal study of youth sport participation and adherence to sport in adulthood. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32(4), 373-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269097032004003
Wigfield, D., & Chard., C. (2018). Understanding brand associations of preferred minor hockey tournaments from the parents’ perspective. Event Management, 22, 183-198. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15173355843343
Wolfe, R. A. (1994). Organizational innovation: Review, critique and suggested research directions. Journal of Management Studies, 31(3), 405-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1994.tb00624.x
Wolfe, R., Babiak, K., Cameron, K., Quinn, R. E., Smart, D. L., Terborg, J. R., & Wright, P. M. (2007). Moneyball: A business perspective. International Journal of Sport Finance, 2(4).
Wolfe, R., Wright, P. M., & Smart, D. L. (2006). Radical HRM innovation and competitive advantage: The Moneyball story. Human Resource Management, 45(1), 111-145. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20100
Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., & Holbek, J. (1973). Innovations and organizations. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
Andrews, D. P. S., Pedersen, P. M., & McEvoy, C. D. (2011). Research methods and design in sport management. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Bailey. R. (2006). Physical education and sport in schools: A review of benefits and outcomes. Journal of School Health, 7(6), 397–401. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x
Brown, S. (2016). Learning to be a ‘goody-goody’: Ethics and performativity in high school elite athlete programmes. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 51(8), 957-974. https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690215571145
Campbell, K., & Parcels, J. (2013). Selling the dream: How hockey parents and their kids are
paying the price for our national obsession. Toronto, ON: Penguin Group.
Caza, A. (2000). Context receptivity: Innovation in an amateur sport organization. Journal of Sport Management, 14, 227–242. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.14.3.227
Chard, C., Edwards, J., & Potwarka, L. (2015). Understanding the perceived attributes and consequences of participation in youth" rep" hockey. Journal of Applied Sport Management, 7(2).
Charitou, C. D., & Markides, C. C. (2003). Responses to disruptive strategic innovation. MIT Sloan Management Review, 44(2), 55-63A.
Christensen, C. M., Raynor, M. E., & McDonald, R. (2015). What is disruptive innovation. Harvard Business Review, 93(12), 44-53.
Coakley, J. (2017). Sports in society: Issues and controversies (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Coakley, J. (2011). Youth sports: What counts as “positive development?”. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 35(3), 306-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/0193723511417311
Côté, J., & Fraser-Thomas, J. (2007). Youth involvement in sport. In P. R. E. Crocker (Ed.), Introduction to sport psychology: A Canadian perspective (pp. 270-298). Toronto, ON: Pearson.
Damanpour, F. (1996). Organizational complexity and innovation: developing and testing multiple contingency models. Management Science, 42(5), 693-716. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.42.5.693
Damanpour, F., & Schneider, M. (2006). Phases of the adoption of innovation in organizations: Effects of environment, organization and top managers. British Journal of Management, 17(3), 215-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2006.00498.x
Davenport, T.H., 2006. Competing on analytics. Harvard Business Review, 84 (1), 98–107.
Doherty, A. (2005). A profile of community sport volunteers. Toronto, ON: Parks and Recreation Ontario. Retrieved from http://wm.p80.ca/Org/Org185/Images/Resource %20Documents/Volunteer%20Resources/Phase1_finalReport.pdf
Epstein, J. L., & Sheldon, S. B. (2002). Present and accounted for: Improving student attendance through family and community involvement. The Journal of Educational Research, 95(5), 308- 318. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220670209596604
Findlay, L.C. & Coplan, R.J. (2008). Come out and play: Shyness in children and benefits of organized sports participation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 40,153–161. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0008-400X.40.3.153
Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008). Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 645-662. doi: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.003
Fraser-Thomas, J. L., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Youth sport programs: An avenue to foster positive youth development. Physical Education & Sport Pedagogy, 10(1), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898042000334890
Fried, G. & Mumcu, C. (2017). Eds. Sport Analytics: A data-driven approach to sport business and management. NY, NY: Routledge.
Greater Toronto Hockey League. (2017). Tournaments. Retrieved from http://www.gthlcanada.com/tournaments
Green, B. C. (1997). Action research in youth soccer: Assessing the acceptability of an alternative program. Journal of Sport Management, 11(1), 29-44. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.11.1.29
Green, B. C., & Chalip, L. (1998). Antecedents and consequences of parental purchase decision involvement in youth sport. Leisure Sciences, 20(2), 95-109. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409809512268
Guest, A., & Schneider, B. (2003). Adolescents' extracurricular participation in context: The mediating effects of schools, communities, and identity. Sociology of Education, 89-109. doi: 10.2307/3090271
Hoeber, L., Doherty, A., Hoeber, O., & Wolfe, R. (2015). The nature of innovation in community sport organizations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(5), 518-534.
Hoeber, L., & Hoeber, O. (2012). Determinants of an innovation process: A case study of technological innovation in a community sport organization. Journal of Sport Management, 26, 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1085070
Hockey Canada. (2017). 2016-17 annual report. Retrieved from https://cdn.hockeycanada.ca/hockey-canada/Corporate/About/Downloads/2016-17- annual- report-e.pdf
Hull, C. E., & Lio, B. H. (2006). Innovation in non-profit and for-profit organizations: Visionary, strategic, and financial considerations. Journal of Change Management, 6(1), 53-65. doi: 10.1080/14697010500523418
Hyman, M. (2009). Until it hurts: America's obsession with youth sports and how it harms our kids. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Janssen, M., van der Voort, H., & Wahyudi, A. (2017). Factors influencing big data decision-making quality. Journal of Business Research, 70, 338-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.08.007
Kaplanidou, K., & Gibson, H. (2012). Differences between first time and repeat spectator tourists of a youth soccer event: Intentions and image approaches. Current Issues in Tourism, 15(5), 477-487. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2011.607924
Kaplanidou, K., & Vogt, C. (2007). The interrelationship between sport event and destination image and sport tourists' behaviours. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3-4), 183-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775080701736932
Kitsantas, A., Steen, S., & Huie, F. (2017). The role of self-regulated strategies and goal orientation in predicting achievement of elementary school children. International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education, 2(1), 65-81.
Lesyk, J. J., & Kornspan, A. S. (2000). Coaches' expectations and beliefs regarding benefits of youth sport participation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90(2), 399-402. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.399
Lipscomb, S. (2007). Secondary school extracurricular involvement and academic achievement: A fixed effects approach. Economics of Education Review, 26(4), 463-472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2006.02.006
Marsh, H.W. & Kleitman, S. (2003). School athletic participation: Mostly gain with little pain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25, 205–228. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.25.2.205
Mason, D. S., & Duquette, G. H. (2008). Exploring the relationship between local hockey franchises and tourism development. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1157-1165. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.017
Mason, D. S., & Foster, W. M. (2007). Putting Moneyball on ice? International Journal of Sport Finance, 2(4), 206.
Minor Hockey Alliance of Ontario. (2017). Tournament listings. Retrieved from https://alliancehockey.com/Tournament-Listings
Newell, S., & Swan, J. (1995). The diffusion of innovations in sport organizations: An evaluative framework. Journal of Sport Management, 9(3), 317-337. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.9.3.317
Northern Ontario Hockey Association. (2017). Tournament search. Retrieved from https://c2j.agilex.ca/NOHA/NOHAPortal/page/tournamentsearch.aspx
Ontario Ministry of Education (2017). School year calendar. Retrieved from http://www.edu.gov.on.ca/eng/general/list/calendar/holidaye.html
Ontario Minor Hockey Association. (2017). Tournament listings. Retrieved from https://www.omha.net/page/show/1509684-tournament-listings
Patrick, H., Ryan, A. M., & Kaplan, A. (2007). Early adolescents' perceptions of the classroom social environment, motivational beliefs, and engagement. Journal of Educational Psychology, 99(1), 83. doi: 10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.83
Pegoraro, A. (2014). Twitter as disruptive innovation in sport communication. Communication & Sport, 2(2), 132-137. doi: 10.1177/2167479514527432
Schultz, K. (2017). Do high school athletes get better grades during the off-season? Journal of Sports Economics, 18(2), 182-208. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002514566279
Stanca, L. (2006). The effects of attendance on academic performance: Panel data evidence for introductory microeconomics. The Journal of Economic Education, 37(3), 251-266. https://doi.org/10.3200/JECE.37.3.251-266
Taliaferro, L.A, Rienzo, B.A., & Donovan, K.A. (2010). Relationships between youth sport participation and selected health risk behaviors from 1999 to 2007. Journal of School Health, 80, 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2010.00520.x
Taylor, P. (2004). Driving up sport participation: Sport and volunteering. In Sport England (Ed.), Driving up participation: The challenge for sport (pp. 103-110). London: Sport England.
Thiel, A., & Mayer, J. (2009). Characteristics of voluntary sports clubs management: A sociological perspective. European Sport Management Quarterly, 9(1), 81-98. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740802461744
Torres, C.R., & Hager, P.F. (2007). De-emphasizing competition in organized youth sport: Misdirected reforms and misled children. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 34, 194– 210. https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2007.9714721
Troutman, K. P., & Dufur, M. J. (2007). From high school jocks to college grads: Assessing the long-term effects of high school sport participation on females' educational attainment. Youth & Society, 38(4), 443-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X06290651
True Sport. (2016). What sport can do: The true sport report. Retrieved from https://truesportpur.ca/sites/default/files/content/docs/pdf/tsreportenwebdownload1.pdf
Trussell, D. E., & Shaw, S. M. (2012). Organized youth sport and parenting in public and private spaces. Leisure Sciences, 34(5), 377-394. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2012.714699
van den Broek, T. A., & van Veenstra, A. F. (2015, May). Modes of Governance in Inter-Organizational Data Collaborations. In ECIS 2015. Retrieved from https://aisel.aisnet.org/ecis2015_cr/188/?utm_source=aisel.aisnet.org%2Fecis2015_cr%2F188&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=PDFCoverPages
Vanreusel, B., Renson, R., Beunen, G., Claessens, A. L., Lefevre, J., Lysens, R., & Eynde, B. V. (1997). A longitudinal study of youth sport participation and adherence to sport in adulthood. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 32(4), 373-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269097032004003
Wigfield, D., & Chard., C. (2018). Understanding brand associations of preferred minor hockey tournaments from the parents’ perspective. Event Management, 22, 183-198. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599518X15173355843343
Wolfe, R. A. (1994). Organizational innovation: Review, critique and suggested research directions. Journal of Management Studies, 31(3), 405-431. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1994.tb00624.x
Wolfe, R., Babiak, K., Cameron, K., Quinn, R. E., Smart, D. L., Terborg, J. R., & Wright, P. M. (2007). Moneyball: A business perspective. International Journal of Sport Finance, 2(4).
Wolfe, R., Wright, P. M., & Smart, D. L. (2006). Radical HRM innovation and competitive advantage: The Moneyball story. Human Resource Management, 45(1), 111-145. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20100
Zaltman, G., Duncan, R., & Holbek, J. (1973). Innovations and organizations. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
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