Clutch-Level Variation in Predator Avoidance Behavior in Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) Tadpoles

Abstract

In nature, genetics and environmental conditions contribute to the abundant variation in morphology, physiology, and behavior. Predator avoidance behavior of Wood Frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles was tested from six clutches to determine if variability existed between independent clutches reared under the same environmental conditions. Exposing tadpoles to alarm cues from damaged conspecifics and kairomones from a predator (after a learning event) and the corresponding reduction in activity were recorded. While some variation between clutches existed, no significant difference was observed in this behavior. We discuss hypotheses for the lack of variability and suggest our results are due to the critical role of this behavior on the survival and fitness of individuals.