“If Another Person Says, ‘You’re So Articulate,’ So Help Me”
Microaggressions Experienced By Employees of Human Service Agencies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/26018Keywords:
microaggressions, intersectionality, organizations, women of color, non-binary peopleAbstract
Few studies have examined the nature of microaggressions experienced by employees of human service agencies. This exploratory study identified the types of microaggressions that women and non-binary people of color experience within their agency settings. Narrative data were collected using a web survey. The survey consisted of two instruments, both developed by the researcher--a non-categorical demographic questionnaire and a survey that asked participants about their experiences of four types of workplace microaggressions. The sample consisted of 52 self-identified women and non-binary people of color employed by non-profit agencies or governmental departments providing human services in the United States. Data were analyzed by applying interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) and a constant comparative approach, generating three overarching themes: (a) misperceptions of identity or circumstances, (b) navigating racial stereotypes, and (c) racialized objectification. Findings stress the importance of addressing microaggressions among employees to foster inclusive workplaces and the salience of race/ethnicity as a targeted identity in the human service professions. Recommendations include the development of workplace policies that create clear and effective avenues for addressing subtle discrimination. Individual social workers can effectively implement these policies by acknowledging, validating, and ultimately reducing unintended harm to colleagues.
References
Bowleg, L. (2012). The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality— an important theoretical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health, 102(7), 1267-1273. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300750
Brick, J. M., & Tourangeau, R. (2017). Responsive survey designs for reducing nonresponse bias. Journal of Official Statistics, 33(3), 735-752. https://doi.org/10.1515/jos-2017-0034
Collins, P. H. (1990). Black feminist thought in the matrix of domination. In P. H. Collins (Ed.), Black feminist thought: Knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (pp. 221-238). Unwin Hyman.
Collins, P. H. (2015). Intersectionality’s definitional dilemmas. Annual Review of Sociology, 41(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112142
Cortina, L. M. (2008). Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review, 33(1), 55-75. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2008.27745097
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine. University of Chicago Legal Forum. Issue: Feminism in the Law: Theory, Practice and Criticism, 1989, 139-167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
Fisher, K. (2021). An experiential model for cultivating cultural humility and embodying antiracist action in and outside the social work classroom. Advances in Social Work. 21(2/3), 690-707. https://doi.org/10.18060/24184
Fleras, A. (2016). Theorizing micro-aggressions as racism 3.0: Shifting the discourse. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 48(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1353/ces.2016.0011
Fujimoto, Y., & Härtel, C. E. J. (2017). Organizational diversity learning framework: Going beyond diversity training programs. Personnel Review, 46(6), 1120-1141. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-09-2015-0254
Gómez, J. M. (2015). Microaggressions and the enduring mental health disparity: Black Americans at risk for institutional betrayal. Journal of Black Psychology, 41(2), 121-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798413514608
Gonzalez, J. A., & Denisi, A. S. (2009). Cross-level effects of demography and diversity climate on organizational attachment and firm effectiveness. Journal of Organizational Behaviors, 30, 21-40. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.498
Huber, L. P., & Soloranzo, D. G. (2015). Racial microaggressions as a tool for critical race research. Race, Ethnicity, & Education, 18(3), 297-320. https://doi.org/10.1080/13613324.2014.994173
Hulko, W. (2009). The time- and context-contingent nature of intersectionality and interlocking oppressions. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 24(44), 44-55. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109908326814
Jones, K. P., Peddie, C. I., Gilrane, V. L., King, E. B., & Gray, A. L. (2013). Not so subtle: A meta- analytic investigation of the correlates of subtle and overt discrimination. Journal of Management, 20(10), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920631350646
King, E. B., Dunleavy, D. G., Dunleavy, E. M., Jaffer, S., Morgan, W. B., Elder, K., Graebner, R. (2011). Discrimination in the 21st century: Are science and the law aligned? Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 17(1), 54-75. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021673
Lee, E., Ditchman, N., Thomas, J., and Tsen, J. (2019). Microaggression experienced by people with multiple sclerosis in the workplace: An exploratory study using Sue’s taxonomy. Rehabilitation Psychology, 64(2), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/rep0000269
Li, Y.-T. (2019). “It’s not discrimination”: Chinese migrant workers’ perceptions of and reactions to racial microaggressions in Australia. Sociological Perspectives, 62(4), 554-571. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121419826583
Majiros, C. (2013). Beyond social exchange theory: A theoretical shift for mentoring relationships in the federal workplace. Advances in Social Work, 14(2), 531-543. https://doi.org/10.18060/1941
McCall, L. (2005). The complexity of intersectionality. Signs, 30(3), 1771-1800. https://doi.org/10.1086/426800
Morse, J. M. (2015). Critical analysis of strategies for determining rigor in qualitative inquiry. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1212-1222. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732315588501
Namie, G., Christensen, D., & Phillips, D. (2014). 2014 WBI U.S. Workplace Bullying Survey (Report by the Workplace Bullying Institute). https://workplacebullying.org/multi/pdf/WBI-2014-US-Survey.pdf
Proudfoot, D., & Kay, A. C. (2014). System justification in organizational contexts: How a motivated preference for the status quo can affect organizational attitudes and behaviors. Research in Organizational Behavioral, 34, 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2014.03.001
Schaper, U., Beljan, M., Eitler, P. Ewing, C., Gammerl, B. (2020). Sexotic: The interplay between sexualization and exoticization. Sexualities, 23(1-2), 114-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460718790863
Senter, M. S., & Ling, D. A. (2017). “It’s almost like they were happier when you were down”: Microaggressions and overt hostility against Native Americans in a community with gaming. Sociological Inquiry, 87(2), 256-281. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12171
Shoshana, A. (2016). The language of everyday racism and microaggression in the workplace: Palestinian professionals in Israel. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 39(6), 1052-1069. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2015.1081965
Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., and Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method, and research. Sage.
Sue, D. W., Capodilupo, C. M., Torino, G. C., Bucceri, J. M., Holder, A. M. B., Nadal, K. L., & Esquilin, M. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62(4), 271-286. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.62.4.271
Thurber, A., & DiAngelo, R. (2018). Microaggressions: Intervening in three acts. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 27(1), 17-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2017.1417941
Tufford, L., & Newman, P. (2010). Bracketing in qualitative research. Qualitative Social Work, 11(1), 80-96. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325010368316
Valerio, M. A., Rodriguez, N., Winkler, P., Lopez, J., Dennison, M., Liang, Y., & Turner, B. J. (2016). Comparing two sampling methods to engage hard-to-reach communities in research priority setting. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 16(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-016-0242-z
Van Laer, K., & Janssens, M. (2011). Ethnic minority professionals’ experiences with subtle discrimination in the workplace. Human Relations, 64, 1203-1227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726711409263
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Berg Miller, Annahita Ball
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.