Responding to Adverse Childhood Experiences
The Science of Hope as a Framework for Action
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/25632Keywords:
Hope Theory, Adverse Childhood Experiences, resilience, trauma-informed practiceAbstract
Research has long supported that Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are linked with reductions in well-being across the lifespan. However, less is known about the best practices for intervening with ACE to buffer the long-term negative effects beyond clinical settings. The current paper proposes that the positive psychology construct of hope offers guidance for understanding and responding to ACEs. We propose a theoretical model for developing a hope-centered and trauma-informed framework for responding to the deleterious effects for ACEs. The paper closes by calling on social work researchers, educators, and those in practice to learn more about the relationship between ACEs and hope and use that knowledge to help us better assist ACE survivors.
References
Anda, R. F., Porter, L. E., & Brown, D. W. (2020). Inside the adverse childhood experiences score: Strengths, limitations, and misapplications: Uses and misuses. Social Policy & Society, 18(3), 445-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2020.01.009
Bartlett, J. D., Griffin, J. L., Spinazzola, J., Goldman Fraser, J., Noroñ, Bodian, R., Todd, M., Montagna, C., & Barto, B. (2018). The impact of a statewide trauma-informed care initiative in child welfare on the well-being of children and youth with complex trauma. Children and Youth Services Review, 84, 110-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.11.015
Baxter, M. A., Hemming, E. J., McIntosh, H. C., & Hellman, C. (2017). Exploring the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences and hope. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(8), 948-956. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1365319
Bendall, S., Eastwood, O., Cox, G., Farrelly-Rosch, A., Nicoll, H., Peters, W., Bailey, A. P., McGorry, P. D., & Scanlan, F. (2021). A systematic review of trauma-informed care within outpatient and counseling health setting for young people. Child Maltreatment, 26(3), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520927468
Berliner, L., & Kolko, D. J., (2016). Trauma informed care: A commentary and critique. Child Maltreatment, 21(2), 168-172. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559516643785
Bethell, C., Jones, J., Gombojav, N., Linkenbach, J., & Sege, R. (2019). Positive childhood experiences and adult mental and relational health in a statewide sample: Associations across adverse childhood experiences levels. JAMA Pediatrics, 173(11), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.3007
Bunting, L., Montgomery, L., Mooney, S., MacDonald, M., Coulter, S., Hayes, D., & Davidson, G. (2019). Trauma informed child welfare systems- a rapid evidence review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16132365
Burstein, D., Yang, C., Johnson, K., Linkenbach, J., & Sege, R. (2021). Transforming practices with HOPE (Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences). Maternal and Child Health Journal, 25, 1019-1024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03173-9
Centers for Disease Control. (2019). Preventing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Leveraging the best available evidence. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/preventingACES.pdf
Chang, E. C., & Banks, K. H. (2007). The color and texture of hope: Some preliminary findings and implications for hope theory and counseling among diverse racial/ethnic groups. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13(2), 94-103. https://doi.org/10.1037/1099-9809.13.2.94
Chang, E. C., & DeSimone, S. L. (2001). The influence of hope on appraisals, coping, and dysphoria: A test of hope theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 117-129. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.20.2.117.22262
Cheavens, J. S., & Guter, M. M. (2018). Hope therapy. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hope (pp. 133-142). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.12
Cheavens, J. S., Rosenthal, M. Z., Daughters, S. B., Nowak, J., Kosson, D., Lynch, T. R., & Lejuez, C. W. (2005). An analog investigation of the relationships among perceived parental criticism, negative affect, and borderline personality disorder features: The role of thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 257-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.006
Children’s Bureau. (n.d.). Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/preventing/overview/framework/aces/
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Depression and Anxiety, 18, 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Counts, J. M., Gillam, R. J., Perico, S., & Eggers, K. L. (2017). Lemonade for Life-A: pilot study on a hope-infused, trauma-informed approach to help families understand their past and focus on the future. Children and Youth Services Review, 79, 228-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.05.036
Courtnage, A. (2020). Hoping for change: The role of hope in single-session therapy. Journal of Systemic Therapies, 39(1), 49-63. https://doi-org/10.1177/1077559516635274
Dube, S. R. (2018). Continuing conversations about Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) screening: A public health perspective. Child Abuse & Neglect, 85, 180-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.007
Duncan, A. R., Bell, S. B., & Hellman, C. M. (2022). Brief hope-building Intervention for adults actively experiencing homelessness: Effect of participation on dispositional hope, satisfaction with life, and perceived standing in society. Journal of Social Distress and Homelessness, Online, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/10530789.2022.2107336
Edwards, L. M., & McClintock, J. B. (2018). A cultural context lense of hope. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hope (pp. 95-104). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.8
Feldman, D., & Dreher, D. (2012). Can hope be changed in 90 minutes? Testing the efficacy of a single-session goal-pursuit intervention for college students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 13(4), 745-759. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-011-9292-4
Felitti, V. J. (2003). The Relation between Adverse Childhood Experiences and adult health: Turning gold into lead. Permanent Journal, 6(1), 44-47. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/02.994
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, d., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Kiss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 14, 245-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
Finkelhor, D. (2018). Screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs): Cautions and suggestions. Child Abuse & Neglect, 85, 174-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.016
Gailliot, M. T., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). The physiology of willpower: Linking blood glucose to self-control. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 11, 303-327. https://doi-org/10.1177/1088868307303030
Ginwright, S. (2016). Hope and healing in urban education: How urban activists and teachers are reclaiming matters of the heart. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315757025
Guo, W., & Tsui, M. (2010). From resilience to resistance: A reconstruction of the strengths perspective in social work practice. International Social Work, 53(2), 233-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872809355391
Hanson, R. F., & Lang, J. (2016). A critical look at trauma-informed care among agencies and systems serving maltreated youth and their families. Child Maltreatment, 21(2), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559516635274
Hassija, C. M., Luterek, J. A., Naragon-Gainey, K., Moore, S. A., & Simpson, T. (2011). Impact of emotional approach coping and hope on PTSD and depression symptoms in a trauma exposed sample of veterans receiving outpatient VA mental health care services. Anxiety, Stress & Coping, 25(5), 559-573. https://doi-org./10.1080/10615806.2011.621948
Hellman, C. M., & Gwinn, C. (2017). Camp HOPE as an intervention for children exposed to domestic violence: A program evaluation of hope, and strength of character. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34(3), 269-276. https://doi-org./10.1007/s10560-016-0460-6
Hellman, C. M., Muñoz, R. T., Worley, J. A., Feeley, J. A., & Gillert, J. E. (2017). A reliability generalization on the Children’s Hope Scale. Child Indicators Research, 11, 1193-1200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-017-9467-6
Hellman, C. M., Pittman, M. K., & Muõz, R. T. (2013). The first twenty years of the will and the ways: An examination of score reliability distribution on Snyder’s Dispositional Hope Scale. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(3), 723-729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9351-5
Hellman, C. M., Robinson-Keilig, R. A., Dubriwny, N. M., Hamill, C. & Kraft, A. (2018). Hope as a coping resource among parents at risk for child maltreatment. Journal of Family Social Work, 21(4-5), 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1080/10522158.2018.1469559
Kelly-Irving, M., & Delpierre, C. (2019). A critique of the adverse childhood experiences framework in epidemiology in public health: Uses and misuses. Social Policy & Society, 18(3), 445-456. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474746419000101
Kennedy, S., Collins, M. K., Cervone, F. P., Sutton, E. S., Block, R., & Huizar, T. (2011). Breaking the silence on child abuse: Protection, prevention, intervention, and deterrence. Hearing before the Subcommittee on Children and Families, of the U.S. Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. https://www.help.senate.gov/hearings/breaking-the-silence-on-child-abuse-protection-prevention-intervention-and-deterrence
Kirby, K., Sweeney, S., Armour, C., Goetzke, K., Dunne, M., Davidson, M., & Belfer, M. (2021). Developing hopeful minds: Can teaching hope improve well-being and protective factors in children? Child Care in Practice, 1476(489X), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1080/13575279.2021.1924121
Lang, J., Campbell, K., Shanley, P., Crusto, C. A., & Connell, C. M. (2016). Building capacity for trauma-informed care in the child welfare system: Initial results of a statewide implementation. Child Maltreatment, 21(2), 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559516635273
Larkin, H., Shields, J. J., & Anda, R. F. (2012). The health and social consequences of the adverse childhood experiences (ACE) across the lifespan: An introduction to the prevention and intervention in the community. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 49(4), 263-270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852352.2012.707439
Layne, C. M., Greeson, J. K. P., Ostrowski, S. A., Kim, S., Reading, S., Vivrette, R. L., Briggs, E. C., Fairbank, J. A., & Pynoos, R. S. (2014). Cumulative trauma exposure and high-risk behavior in adolescence: Findings from the National Child Traumatic Stress Network Core Data Set. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 6, S40-S49. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037799
Long, L. J., & Gallagher, M. W. (2018). Hope and posttraumatic stress disorder. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hope (pp. 233-242). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.24
Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71, 543-562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
Marques, S. C., Lopez, S. J., & Pais-Riberio, J. L. (2009). "Building Hope for the Future": A program to foster strengths in middle-school students. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 139-152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9180-3
McFadden, P., Campbell, A., & Taylor, B. (2015). Resilience and burnout in child protection social work: Individual and organisational themes from a systematic literature review. British Journal of Social Work, 45(5), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bct210
Menschner, C., & Maul, A. (2016). Key ingredients for successful trauma-informed care implementation. Center for Health Care Strategies, Inc. https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/programs_campaigns/childrens_mental_health/atc-whitepaper-040616.pdf
Mental Health America. (2021). The state of mental health in America. https://www.mhanational.org/research-reports/2021-state-mental-health-america
Metzler, M., Merrick, M. T., Klevens, J., Ports, K. A., & Ford, D. C. (2016). Adverse childhood experiences and life opportunities: Shifting the narrative. Children and Youth Services Review, 72, 141-149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.10.021
Muñoz, R. T., Brady, S. R., & Brown, V. (2017). The psychology of resilience: A model of the relationship of locus of control to hope among survivors of intimate partner violence. Traumatology, 23(1), 102-111. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/10.1037/trm0000102
Muñoz, R. T., & Hanks, H. (2019). A structural model of Adverse Childhood Experiences as antecedents of rumination leading to lower hope. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(19-20), 9790-9807. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519868195
Muñoz, R. T., Hanks, H., & Hellman, C. M. (2020). Hope and resilience as distance contributors to psychological flourishing among childhood trauma survivors. Traumatology, 26(2), 177-184. https://doi-org./10.1037/trm0000224
Muñoz, R. T., Hellman, C. M., & Brunk, K. L. (2017). The relationship between Hope and life satisfaction among survivors of intimate partner violence: The enhancing effect of self-efficacy. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 12, 981-995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-016-9501-8
Muñoz, R. T., Hellman, C. M., Buster, B., Robbins, A., Carroll, C., Kabbani, M., Cassody, L., Brahm, N., & Fox, M. D. (2016). Life satisfaction, hope, and positive emotions as antecedents of health related quality of life among homeless individuals. International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology, 1(1), 69-89. https://doi-org./10.1007/s41042-017-0005-z
Muñoz, R. T., Pharris, A. B., & Hellman, C. M. (2022). A linear model of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) as drivers of lower hope mediated by lower attachment security in an adult sample. Journal of Family Violence, 37(4), 671-679. https://doi-org.ezproxy.lib.ou.edu/10.1007/s10896-021-00282-5
Ong, A. D., Standiford, T., & Deshpande, S. (2018). Hope and stress resilience. In M. W. Gallagher & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Oxford library of psychology: The Oxford handbook of hope (pp. 255-284). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399314.013.26
Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Strengths of character and well-being: A closer look at hope and modesty. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 628-634. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.23.5.628.50749
Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification. Oxford Press.
Pharris, A. B., Miller-Cribbs, J. M., Bragg, J. E., Goodwin, B., & Hellman, C. M. (2022). A simulation training to prepare camp counselors for working with children at Camp HOPE America. Journal of Youth Development, 17(2), 141-163. https://doi.org/10.5195/jyd.2022.1174
Saleebey, D. (2000). Power in the people: Strength and hope. Advances in Social Work, 1(2), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.18060/18
Sege, R. D., & Browne, C. H. (2017). Responding to ACEs with HOPE: Health outcomes from positive experiences. Academic Pediatrics, 17(7S), S79-S85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2017.03.007
Seligman, M. E. P., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Positive psychology: An introduction. American Psychologist, 55(1), 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5
Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705500802222972
Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope: You can get there from here. Free Press.
Snyder, C. R. (2000). Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications. Academic Press.
Snyder, C. R. (2002). Hope theory: Rainbows in the mind. Psychological Inquiry, 13(4), 249-275. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1304_01
Snyder, C. R., Harris, C., Anderson, J. R., Holleran, S. A., Irving, L. M., Sigmon, S. T., Yoshinobu, L., Gibb, J., Langelle, C., & Harney, P. (1991). The will and the ways: development and validation of an individual-differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60(4), 570-585. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.60.4.570
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., Highberger, L., Ribinstein, H., & Stahl, K. J. (1997). The development and validation of the Children’s Hope Scale. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 22(3), 399-421. https://doi.org/10.1093/22.3.399
Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration [SAMHSA]. (2012). SAMHSA’s working definition of recovery: 10 guiding principles of recovery (Publication ID: PEP12-RECDEF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.dshs.wa.gov/sites/default/files/ALTSA/stakeholders/documents/duals/toolkit/Ten%20Guiding%20Principles%20of%20Recovery.pdf
SAMHSA. (2014). SAMHSA's Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 14-4884. Author. https://ncsacw.acf.hhs.gov/userfiles/files/SAMHSA_Trauma.pdf
Sulimani-Aidan, Y., Melkman, E., & Hellman, C. M. (2019). Nurturing the hope of youth in care: The contribution of mentoring. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 89(2), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000320
Sympson, S. C. (2000). Rediscovering hope: Understanding and working with survivors of trauma. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, & applications (pp. 285-300). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-012654050-5/50017-8
U.S. Department of Justice. (2019). Preventing Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)--The Martinsburg Initiative (Webinar). https://ovc.ojp.gov/events/preventing-adverse-childhood-experiences-aces-martinsburg-initiative-webinar
Valle, M. F., Huebner, E. S., & Suldo, S. M. (2006). An analysis of hope as a psychological strength. Journal of School Psychology, 44(5), 393-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2006.03.005
van Breda, A. (2018). A critical review of resilience theory and its relevance for social work. Social Work, 54(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.15270/54-1-611
Wade, R., Shea, J. A., Rubin, D., & Wood, J. (2014). Adverse childhood experiences of low-income urban youth. Pediatrics, 134(1), e13-e20. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-2475
Zinn, A., Palmer, A. N., & Nam, E. (2017). The predictors of perceived social support among former foster youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 72, 172-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.07.015
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Chan Hellman, Angela B. Pharris, Ricky Munoz
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.