Conversation Club: A Promising Practice in Youth Mentoring of Migrants and Refugees
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/21650Keywords:
migrant and refugee youth, group mentoring, adolescentsAbstract
This paper evaluates Conversation Club, a Canadian after-school group mentoring intervention focusing on the expansion of the program across three separate regions of Ontario. The authors use a multiple methods design, including questionnaires (n=101), post-session process data, and qualitative interviews (n=18), to evaluate how Conversation Club impacts members’ feelings of hope, belonging, sense of ethnic identity, and social support. A focus group (n = 7) with program facilitators was also conducted to explore the process of dissemination of the Club across regions. Findings suggest that Conversation Club holds promise for newcomer youth across settings. Quantitative data showed significant change (p <.01) in levels of hope and sense of belonging. Interviews revealed an increased sense of belonging, possibility, and social support, as well as improved confidence in communicating with others. Insights regarding use of the Club manual suggest the importance of integrating Conversation Club values with flexibility in facilitation to incorporate the strengths and opportunities of context across regions. Study limitations, as well as implications for further social work research and dissemination of best practices in services for migrant and refugee youth, are discussed.
References
References
Abdullayev, F. N. (2016). Migration crisis: Current reality and challenges. Social Problems, 1782.
Affiliation of Multicultural Societies and Service Agencies of BC (AMSSA). (2016). Newcomer youth: Challenges and strengths. Retrieved from http://www.amssa.org/resources/migrationmatters-info-sheet-series/
Bernal, G., Jiménez-Chafey, M. I., & Domenech Rodríguez, M. M. (2009). Cultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(4), 361.
Birman, D. & Morland, L. (2014). Immigrant and refugee youth. In D.L DuBois & M.J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of Youth Mentoring (273-289). Lost Angeles: Sage.
Bollen, K. A., & Hoyle, R. H. (1990). Perceived cohesion: A conceptual and empirical examination. Social Forces, 69(2), 479-504.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. Sage Publications.
BRYCS. (2010). New Directions in Mentoring Refugee Youth. Retrieved from http://www.brycs.org/documents/upload/BRYCS-BRIEF-Mentoring-Summer-2010.pdf
Canadian Pediatric Society. (2016). Community Resources for Immigrant and Refugee Youth. Retrieved from http://www.kidsnewtocanada.ca/health-promotion/youth-resources
Cawood, N. D., & Wood, J. M. (2014). Group mentoring: The experience of adolescent mentees on probation. Social Work with Groups, 37(3), 213-229.
Crul, M., & Schneider, J. (2014). Mentoring: What can support projects achieve that schools cannot?. SIRIUS Network Policy Briefs series, Issue No. 2.
Deutsch, N. L., Reitz-Krueger, C. L., Henneberger, A. K., Ehrlich, V. A. F., & Lawrence, E. C. (2016). “It gave me ways to solve problems and ways to talk to people” Outcomes from a combined group and one-on-one mentoring program for early adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescent Research, 32(3), 291-322.
Deutsch, N. L., Wiggins, A. Y., Henneberger, A. K., & Lawrence, E. C. (2012). Combining mentoring with structured group activities: A potential after-school context for fostering relationships between girls and mentors. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 33(1), 44-76.
DuBois, D. L., Holloway, B. E., Valentine, J. C., & Cooper, H. (2002). Effectiveness of mentoring programs for youth: A meta-analytic review. American journal of community psychology, 30(2), 157-197.
DuBois, D.L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J.E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, J.C. (2011). How effective are mentoring programs for youth? A systematic assessment of the evidence. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 12(2), 57-91.
Durlak, J.A., & DuPre, E.P. (2008). Implementation matters: A review of research on the influence of implementation on program outcomes and the factors affecting implementation. American Journal of Community Psychology, 41, 327-350.
Emelo, R. (2011). Group mentoring best practices. Industrial and Commercial Training, 43(4), 221-227.
Gouin, R. (2016). Facilitating the integration of newcomer children and youth: Study on the government’s initiative to resettle Syrian refugees to Canada. Retrieved from https://www.bgccan.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2017/03/BGCC-brief-Citizenship andImmigration-2016.pdf
Government of Canada. (2016). #WelcomeRefugees: Key figures. Retrieved from http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/refugees/welcome/milestones.asp
Herrera, C., Vang, Z., & Gale, L. Y. (2002). Group mentoring: A study of mentoring groups in three programs.
Hilario, C. T., Vo, D. X., Johnson, J. L., & Saewyc, E. M. (2014). Acculturation, gender, and mental health of Southeast Asian immigrant youth in Canada. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16(6), 1121-1129.
Iachini, A.L., Beets, M.W., Ball, A., & Lohman, M. (2014). Process evaluation of “Girls on the Run”: Exploring implementation in a physical activity-based positive youth development program. Evaluation and Program Planning, 46, 1-9.
Jagendorf, J., & Malekoff, A. (2006). Groups-on-the-go: Spontaneously formed mutual aid groups for adolescents in distress. Social Work with Groups, 28(3-4), 229-246.
Kantor, J. & Einhorn, C. (2016). Refugees Encounter a Foreign Word: Welcome. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/01/world/americas/canada-syrian refugees.html
Kelly, M. S., Raines, J. C., Stone, S., & Frey, A. (2010). School Social Work: An Evidence-Informed Framework for Practice. Oxford University Press.
Kuperminc, G.P., & Thomason, J.D. (2014). Group mentoring. In D.L DuBois & M.J. Karcher (Eds.), Handbook of Youth Mentoring (273-289). Lost Angeles: Sage.
Kurland, R. (1978). The neglected component of group development. Social Work with Groups, 1(2), 173-178.
Lindsay-Dennis, L., Cummings, L., & McClendon, S. C. (2011). Mentors' reflections on developing a culturally responsive mentoring initiative for urban African American girls. Black Women, Gender & Families, 5(2).
Lyons, E. (2007). Analysing qualitative data: Comparative reflections.Malekoff, A. (1997). Planning in Group Work: Where We Begin. Group Work with Adolescents: Principles and Practice. New York: The Guilford Press, 53-80.
Malson, H. (2010). Qualitative methods from psychology. I. Bourgeault, R. Dingwall, & R. devries (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Methods in Health Research, 193-211.
McIsaac, J.D., Read, K., Veugelers, P.J., & Kirk, S.F. (2017). Culture matters: a case of school health promotion in Canada. Health Promotion International, 32, 207-217.
MENTOR. (2009). Mentoring immigrant & refugee youth: A toolkit for program coordinators. Retrieved from http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED522073.pdf’
Migration Policy Institute. (2015). International Migration Statistics. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/programs/data-hub/international-migration-statistics
Morland, L. (2007). Promising practices in positive youth development with immigrants and refugees. The Prevention Researcher, 14(4), 18-21.
Oberoi, A. (2016). Mentoring for first-generation immigrant and refugee youth. National Mentoring Resource Center. Retrieved from http://www.nationalmentoringresourcecenter.org/index.php/what-works-in mentoring/model-and-population-reviews.html?id=228
Ontario Council of Agencies Serving Immigrants (n.d.). Who is an immigrant, refugee, newcomer, & undocumented person? Retrieved from http://www.newyouth.ca/immigration/settlement-services/what-immigrant-refugee newcomer-undocumented-person
Ozdemir, M. & Giannotta, F. (2014). Improving dissemination of evidence-based programs through researcher-practitioner collaboration. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 141, 107-116.
Padget, D. (2008). Qualitative methods in social work research. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Patton, C. L., Deutsch, N. L., & Das, A. (2016). Coordination, competition, and neutrality autonomy and relatedness patterns in girls’ interactions with mentors and peers. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 36(1), 29-53.
Rajan, S., & Basch, C.E. (2012). Fidelity of after-school program implementation targeting adolescent youth: Identifying successful curricular and programmatic characteristics. Journal of School Health, 82, 159-165.
Rhodes, J. E. (1994). Older and wiser: Mentoring relationships in childhood and adolescence. Journal of primary prevention, 14(3), 187-196.
Schmidt, S., Morland, L., & Rose, J. (2009). Growing up in a new country: a positive youth development toolkit for working with refugees and immigrants. Bridging Refugee Youth & Children's Services.
Snyder, C. R., Hoza, B., Pelham, W. E., Rapoff, M., Ware, L., Danovsky, M., ... & Stahl, K. J.
(1997). The development and validation of the Children's Hope Scale. Journal of pediatric psychology, 22(3), 399-421.
Statistics Canada. (2011). National Household Survey Profile, 2011. Retrieved from https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E
Taussig, H., Weiler, L., Rhodes, T., Hambrick, E., Wertheimer, R., Fireman, O., & Combs, M. (2015). Fostering Healthy Futures for Teens: Adaptation of an Evidence-Based Program. Journal of the Society for Social Work and Research, 6(4), 617-642.
The Canadian Magazine of Immigration. (2017). Canada: Immigrants by Source Country- 2016.
Retrieved from http://canadaimmigrants.com/canada-immigrants-by-source-country2016/
The Guardian. (2016). Canada to let 300,000 immigrants enter country in 2017. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/31/canada-immigration-quota-2017
Utsey, S. O., Howard, A., & Williams III, O. (2003). Therapeutic group mentoring with African American male adolescents. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 25(2), 126.
Vieira, P. (2015, Nov 24). Canada outlines plans to bring in 25,000 Syrian refugees; Ottawa will bring in Syrians in two groups, even as other nations express concerns about accepting refugees. Wall Street Journal (Online)
Washington, G., Barnes, D., & Watts, R. J. (2014). Reducing Risk for Youth Violence by Promoting Healthy Development with Pyramid Mentoring: A Proposal for a Culturally Centered Group Mentoring. Human Behavior in Social Environment, 24(6), 646-657.