Integrating a Trauma-Informed Care Perspective in Baccalaureate Social Work Education: Guiding Principles
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18060/21243Keywords:
Trauma, trauma-informed care, baccalaureate social workAbstract
Over the past decade, there has been substantial growth in empirical evidence supporting that proper assessment and treatment of trauma using evidence-based practices can effectively reduce a wide range of symptoms in both children and adults. Given the complex nature of trauma treatment, trauma-based educational programming in social work is most commonly found at the graduate level. Yet, to date, there has been little discussion calling for the inclusion of trauma content in BSW education. In this paper, we examine the current state of trauma-content inclusion in social work education, and offer a guiding framework for integrating core trauma content into the BSW curriculum that is based on the core principles of trauma-informed care.
References
Abrams, J., & Shapiro, M. (2014). Teaching trauma theory and practice in MSW programs: A clinically focused, case-based method. Clinical Social Work Journal, 42(4), 408-418. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-013-0472-z
Audergon, A. (2004). Collective trauma: The nightmare of history. Psychotherapy and Politics International, 2, 16-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ppi.67
Azeem, M. W., Aujla, A., Rammerth, M., Binsfeld, G., & Jones, R. B. (2011). Effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma informed care in reducing seclusions and restraints at a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing, 24(1), 11-15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6171.2010.00262.x
Bath, H. (2008). The three pillars of trauma-informed care. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 17(3), 1-5. Retrieved from https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/cxl/backup/prod/cxl/gklugiewicz/media/507188fa-30b7-8fd4-aa5f-ca6bb629a442.pdf
Bell, H., Kulkarni, S., & Dalton, L. (2003). Organizational prevention of vicarious trauma. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 84(4), 463-470. doi: https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.131
Bloom, S. L. (2010). Organizational stress and trauma-informed services. In B. L. Leven & M. A. Becker (Eds.), A public health perspective of women's mental health (pp. 295-311). New York: Springer. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1526-9_15
Bloom, S. L., & Sreedhar, S. Y. (2008). The sanctuary model of trauma-informed organizational change. Reclaiming Children and Youth, 17(3), 48-53.
Borckardt, J. J., Madan, A., Grubaugh, A. L., Danielson, C. K., Pelic, C. G., Hardesty, S. J., ... & Frueh, B. C. (2011). Systematic investigation of initiatives to reduce seclusion and restraint in a state psychiatric hospital. Psychiatric Services, 62(5), 477-483.
Boyle, D. P., & Springer, A. (2001). Toward a cultural competence measure for social work with specific populations. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 9(3-4), 53-71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J051v09n03_03
Breckenridge, J., & James, K. (2010). Educating social work students in multifaceted interventions for trauma. Social Work Education, 29(3), 259-275. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02615470902912250
Briere, J. (2005). Trauma symptom checklist for young children. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. Retrieved July, 2, 2012 from http://www4.parinc.com/Products/Product.aspx?ProductID=TSCYC
Breslau, N., Kessler, R. C., Chilcoat, H. D., Schultz, L. R., Davis, G. C., & Andreski, P. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: The 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(7), 626-632. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626
Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2006). News – Survey of workplace violence prevention, 2005. Washington, DC: United States Department of Labor. Retrieved from http://www.bls.gov/iif/oshwc/osnr0026.pdf
Bussey, M. C. (2008). Trauma response and recovery certificate program: Preparing students for effective practice. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 28(1-2), 117-144. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08841230802179118
Carello, J., & Butler, L. D. (2014). Potentially perilous pedagogies: Teaching trauma is not the same as trauma-informed teaching. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(2), 153-168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2014.867571
Carello, J., & Butler, L. D. (2015). Practicing what we teach: Trauma-informed educational practice. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 35(3), 262-278. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2015.1030059
Cohen, J. A., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Deblinger, E. (2000). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents: An empirical update. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15(11), 1202-1223. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/088626000015011007
Conners-Burrow, N. A., Kramer, T. L., Sigel, B. A., Helpenstill, K., Sievers, C., & McKelvey, L. (2013). Trauma-informed care training in a child welfare system: Moving it to the front line. Children and Youth Services Review, 35(11), 1830-1835. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2013.08.013
Conradi, L., Wherry, J., & Kisiel, C. (2011). Linking child welfare and mental health using trauma-informed screening and assessment practices. Child Welfare, 90, 129-147.
Copeland, W. E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 577-584. doi: https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.577
Council on Social Work Education [CSWE]. (2012). Advanced social work practice in trauma. Alexandria, VA: Author. Council on Social Work Education [CSWE]. (2008). Educational policy and accreditation standards [EPAS]. Alexandria, VA: Commission on Accreditation, CSWE.
Council on Social Work Education [CSWE]. (2015). Educational policy and accreditation standards [EPAS]. Alexandria, VA: Commission on Accreditation, CSWE.
Courtois, C. A. (2002). Traumatic stress studies: The need for curricula inclusion. Journal of Trauma Practice, 1(1), 33-57. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v01n01_03
Courtois, C. A., & Gold, S. N. (2009). The need for infusion of psychological trauma in the professional curriculum: A call to action. Psychological Trauma, Research, Practice, and Policy, 1(1), 3-23. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015224
Covington, S. S., Burke, C., Keaton, S., & Norcott, C. (2008). Evaluation of a trauma-informed and gender-responsive intervention for women in drug treatment. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 40(5), 387-398. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2008.10400666
Cross, T. (1988). Services to minority populations: Cultural competence continuum. Focal Point, 3, 1-4.
Dalton, L. E. (2001). Secondary traumatic stress and Texas social workers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX.
Dane, B. (2000). Child welfare workers: An innovative approach for interacting with secondary trauma. Journal of Social Work Education, 36, 27-38.
Dane, B. (2002). Duty to inform: Preparing social work students to understand vicarious traumatization. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 22(3-4), 3-20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J067v22n03_02
de Arellano, M. A., Lyman, D. R. Jobe-Shields, L., George, P., Dougherty, R. H., Daniels, A. M.,…Delphin-Rittmon, M. E. (2014). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy: Assessing the evidence. Psychiatric Services, 65(5), 591-602. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201300255
Didham, S., Dromgole, L., Csiernik, R., Karley, M. L., & Hurley, D. (2011). Trauma exposure and the social work practicum. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 31, 523-537. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2011.615261
Dong, M., Giles, W. H., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Williams, J. E., Chapman, D. P., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Insights into causal pathways for ischemic heart disease adverse childhood experiences study. Circulation, 110(13), 1761-1766. doi: https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000143074.54995.7F
Dutton, M. A., & Goodman, L. A. (2005). Coercion in intimate partner violence: Toward a new conceptualization. Sex Roles, 52(11-12), 743-756. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-4196-6
Ehlers, A., Bisson, J., Clark, D. M., Creamer, M., Pilling, S., Richards, D.,...Yule, W. (2010). Do all psychological treatments really work the same in posttraumatic stress disorder? Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 269-276. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.12.001
Elhai, J. D., North, T. C., & Frueh, B. C. (2005). Health service use predictors among trauma survivors: a critical review. Psychological Services, 2(1), 3-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/1541-1559.2.1.3
Elliot, D. E., Bjelajac, P., Fallot, R. D., Markoff, L. S., & Reed, B. G. (2005). Trauma-informed or trauma-denied: Principles and implementation of trauma-informed services for women. Journal of Community Psychology, 33, 461-477. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20063
Etherington, K. (2000). Supervising counsellors who work with survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 13(4), 377-389. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/713658497
Fallot, R. D., & Harris, M. (2001). A trauma‐informed approach to screening and assessment. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 2001(89), 23-31. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.23320018904
Farchi, M., Cohen, A., & Mosek, A. (2014). Developing specific self-efficacy and resilience as first responders among students of social work and stress and trauma studies. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 34(2), 129-146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/08841233.2014.894602
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., ...Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245-258. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P. A., Åberg, L., & Fredrikson, M. (2005). Trauma exposure and post‐traumatic stress disorder in the general population. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 111(4), 291-299. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x
Gatz, M., Brown, V., Hennigan, K., Rechberger, E., O'Keefe, M., Rose, T., & Bjelajac, P. (2007). Effectiveness of an integrated, trauma‐informed approach to treating women with co‐occurring disorders and histories of trauma: The Los Angeles site experience. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(7), 863-878. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20186
Gershuny, B. S., & Thayer, J. F. (1999). Relations among psychological trauma, dissociative phenomena, and trauma-related distress: A review and integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 19(5), 631-657. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00103-2
Guarino, K., Rubin, L., & Bassuk, E.L. (2007). Violence and trauma in the lives of
homeless families. In E. Carll (Ed). Trauma Psychology. (pp. 231-258). Westport:
Praeger Publishers.
Guarino, K., Soares, P., Konnath, K., Clervil, R., and Bassuk, E. (2009). Trauma-informed organizational toolkit. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and the Daniels Fund, the National Child Traumatic Stress Network, and the W.K. Kellogg Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.nada.org.au/media/14607/tictoolkitforhomelessservicesusa.pdf
Han, S. C., Castro, F., Lee, L. O., Charney, M. E., Marx, B. P., Brailey, K., ...Vasterling, J. J. (2014). Military unit support, postdeployment social support, and PTSD symptoms among active duty and National Guard soldiers deployed to Iraq. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 28(5), 446-453. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.04.004
Harris, M., & Fallot, R. D. (2001). Designing trauma‐informed addictions services. New Directions for Mental Health Services, 2001(89), 57-73. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/yd.23320018907
Hopper, E. K., Bassuk, E. L., & Olivet, J. (2009). Shelter from the storm: Trauma-informed care in homelessness services settings. The Open Health Services and Policy Journal, 2, 131-151.
Huckshorn, K. A. (2004). Reducing seclusion & restraint use in mental health settings: Core strategies for prevention. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 42(9), 22-33.
Huckshorn, K. A., CAP, I., & Director, N. T. A. C. (2005). Six core strategies to reduce the use of seclusion and restraint planning tool. National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors. Available at: https://www.nasmhpd.org/sites/default/files/Consolidated%20Six%20Core%20Strategies%20Document.pdf
Jennings, A. (2008). Models for developing trauma-informed behavioral health systems and trauma-specific services. Alexandria,VA: National Center for Trauma-Informed Care. Retrieved from http://www.ct.gov/dmhas/lib/dmhas/trauma/TraumaModels.pdf
Kahn, W. A. (2003). The revelation of organizational trauma. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 39(4), 364-380. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886303261954
Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26, 537-547. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21848
Kinniburgh, K., Blaustein, M., Spinazzola, J., & van der Kolk, B. (2005). Attachment, self-regulation and competency: A comprehensive intervention framework for children with complex trauma. Psychiatric Annals, 35(5), 424-430.
Kirst-Ashman, K., & Hull Jr., G. (2014). Brooks/Cole empowerment series: Generalist practice with organizations and communities (6th ed.). Boston: Cengage Learning.
Kisiel, C., Fehrenbach, T., Small, L., & Lyons, J. S. (2009). Assessment of complex trauma exposure, responses, and service needs among children and adolescents in child welfare. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 2(3), 143-160. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/19361520903120467
Knight, C. (2010). Indirect trauma in the field practicum: Secondary traumatic stress, vicarious trauma, and compassion fatigue among social work students and their field instructors. Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work, 15, 31-52.
Ko, S. J., Ford, J. D., Kassam-Adams, N., Berkowitz, S. J., Wilson, C. Wong, M.,...Layne, C. M. (2008). Creating trauma-informed systems: Child welfare, education, first responders, health care, juvenile justice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 39, 396-404. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.39.4.396
Layne, C. M., Ippen, C. G., Strand, V., Stuber, M., Abramovitz, R., Reyes, G., ...Pynoos, R. (2011). The Core Curriculum on Childhood Trauma: A tool for training a trauma-informed workforce. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 3(3), 243-252. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025039
Layne, C. M., Strand, V., Popescu, M., Kaplow, J. B., Abramovitz, R., Stuber, M., ...Pynoos, R. S. (2014). Using the core curriculum on childhood trauma to strengthen clinical knowledge in evidence-based practitioners. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 43(2), 286-300. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.865192
Levenson, J. S., Willis, G. M., & Prescott, D. S. (2014). Adverse Childhood Experiences in the lives of male sex offenders: Implications for trauma-informed care. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 28(4), 340-359. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063214535819
Marlowe, J., & Adamson, C. (2011). Teaching trauma: Critically engaging a troublesome term. Social Work Education, 30(6), 623-634. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2011.586559
McKenzie-Mohr, S. (2004). Creating space for radical trauma theory in generalist social work education. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 15(2), 45-55.
McKenzie-Mohr, S., Coates, J., & McLeod, H. (2012). Responding to the needs of youth who are homeless: Calling for politicized trauma-informed intervention. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 136-143. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.008
McManus, H. H., & Thompson, S. J. (2008). Trauma among unaccompanied homeless youth: The integration of street culture into a model of intervention. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 16(1), 92-109. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/10926770801920818
McMillen, J. C., Morris, L., & Sherraden, M. (2004). Ending social work's grudge match: Problems versus strengths. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 85(3), 317-325. doi: https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.1492
Miley, K.K., O'Melia, M., & DuBois, B. (2013). Generalist social work practice: An empowering approach (7th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Miller, M. (2001). Creating a safe frame for learning: Teaching about trauma and trauma treatment. Journal of Teaching in Social Work, 21(3/4), 159-176. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J067v21n03_12
National Child Traumatic Stress Network, Child Welfare Collaborative Group, & California Social Work Education Center [NCTSN]. (2007). Creating trauma-informed child-serving systems. NCTSN Service Systems Briefs, 1(1). URL: http://www.nctsnet.org/nctsn_assets/pdfs/Service_Systems_Brief_v1_v1.pdf
Najavits, L. M., Sonn, J., Walsh, M., & Weiss, R. D. (2004). Domestic violence in women with PTSD and substance abuse. Addictive Behaviors, 29(4), 707-715. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.01.003
Neumann, D. A., & Gamble, S. J. (1995). Issues in the professional development of psychotherapists: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in the new trauma therapist. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 32(2), 341-347. doi: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.32.2.341
Nytagodien, R., & Neal, A. (2004). Collective trauma, apologies, and the politics of memory. Journal of Human Rights, 3, 465-475. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1475483042000299714
O’Halloran, M.S., & O’Halloran, T. (2001). Secondary traumatic stress in the classroom: Ameliorating stress in graduate students. Teaching of Psychology, 28(2), 92-97. doi: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328023TOP2802_03
Poulin, J. (2009). Strengths-based generalist practice: A collaborative approach. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Prescott, L., Soares, P., Konnath, K., & Bassuk, E. (2008). A long journey home: A guide for creating trauma-informed services for mothers and children experiencing homelessness. Rockville, MD: Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from http://brightspaces.org/wp-content/uploads/Trauma-Informed-Services-Guide.pdf
Regan, K. (2010). Trauma informed care on an inpatient pediatric psychiatric unit and the emergence of ethical dilemmas as nurses evolved their practice. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 31(3), 216-222.
Rubin, A., & Springer, D. W. (2009). Treatment of traumatized adults and children: A clinician's guide to evidence-based practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Saakvitne, K. W., Gamble, S., Pearlman, L. A., & Lev, B. T. (2000). Risking connection: A training curriculum for working with survivors of childhood abuse. Brooklandville, MD: The Sidran Press.
Saunders, J. A., Haskins, M., & Vasquez, M. (2015). Cultural competence: A journey to an elusive goal. Journal of Social Work Education, 51(1), 19-34.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2014). SAMHSA’s Concept of Trauma and Guidance for a Trauma-Informed Approach (HHS Pub. No. (SMA) 14-4884). Rockville, MD: Author.
Schneider, S. J., Grilli, S. F., & Schneider, J. R. (2013). Evidence-based treatments for traumatized children and adolescents. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(1), 1-9. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0332-5
Shannon, P. J., Simmelink, J., Im, H., Becher, E., & Crook-Lyon, R. E. (2014). Developing self-care practices in a trauma-treatment course. Journal of Social Work Education, 50, 440-453.
Solomon, S. D., & Davidson, J. R. (1997). Trauma: Prevalence, impairment, service use, and cost. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 58, 5-11.
Stein, M. B., Walker, J. R., Hazen, A. L., & Forde, D. R. (1997). Full and partial posttraumatic stress disorder: Findings from a community survey. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(8), 1114-1119. doi: https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.8.1114
Strand, V. C., Abramovitz, R., Layne, C. M., Robinson, H., & Way, I. (2014). Meeting the critical need for trauma education in social work: A problem-based learning approach. Journal of Social Work Education, 50(1), 120-135.
Staudt, M., Howard, M. O., & Drake, B. (2001). The operationalization, implementation, and effectiveness of the strengths perspective: A review of empirical studies. Journal of Social Service Research, 27(3), 1-21. doi: https://doi.org/10.1300/J079v27n03_01
Tarrier, N., & Humphreys, A. L. (2003). PTSD and the social support of the interpersonal environment: The development of social cognitive behavior therapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(2), 187-198. doi: https://doi.org/10.1891/jcop.17.2.187.57440
Tsai, J., Harpaz-Rotem, I., Pietrzak, R. H., & Southwick, S. M. (2012). The role of coping, resilience, and social support in mediating the relation between PTSD and social functioning in veterans returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Psychiatry, 75(2), 135-149. doi: https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.2.135
Trippany, R. L., Kress, V. E. W., & Wilcoxon, S. A. (2004). Preventing vicarious trauma: What counselors should know when working with trauma survivors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 82, 31-37. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00283.x
Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2010). Poly-victimization in a national sample of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, 323-330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.11.012
Vrana, S., & Lauterbach, D. (1994). Prevalence of traumatic events and post‐traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7(2), 289-302. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.2490070209
Vranceanu, A. M., Hobfoll, S. E., & Johnson, R. J. (2007). Child multi-type maltreatment and associated depression and PTSD symptoms: The role of social support and stress. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31(1), 71-84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.04.010
Yan, M. C., & Wong, Y. L. R. (2005). Rethinking self-awareness in cultural competence: Toward a dialogic self in cross-cultural social work. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 86(2), 181-188. doi: https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.2453